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GRE写作argument高频题目及提纲汇总(6)

2016-09-27来源: 互联网浏览量:
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   1. The following appeared in a newsletter offering advice to investors.

  "Over 80 percent of the respondents to a recent survey indicated a desire to reduce their intake of foods containing fats and cholesterol, and today low-fat products abound in many food stores. Since many of the food products currently marketed by Old Dairy Industries are high in fat and cholesterol, the company's sales are likely to diminish greatly and company profits will no doubt decrease. We therefore advise Old Dairy stockholders to sell their shares, and other investors not to purchase stock in this company."

  Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the advice and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the advice.

  最近一次调查中超过 80%的回应者表达了他们想减少含脂肪和胆固醇的食品的愿望,现在很多食品商店都提供丰富的低脂肪食品。由于 Old Dairy Industries 当前生产的很多产品都有很高的脂肪和胆固醇含量,该公司的销量有可能严重下降,其盈利无疑会减少。因而我们建议Old Dairy的股票持有者抛出他们所持的股份,其他投资者也不应购买该公司的股份。Over 80 percent their intake of foods containing fats and cholesterol 论断: Old Dairy Industries的销量可能会大幅减少,利润也无疑会降低,所以建议他该卖股份了,其他人也别入股进来。因为他大部分的产品都是高脂肪高卡路里的,而如今低脂肪产品很多,人们也有降低脂肪和卡路里摄入的愿望,为此他还引用了一个调查,表明有 80%的人是这样的。

  1>论断的前提是不成立的。论者认为 Old Dairy Industries 不会有健康的产品,所以没有投资的价值。但这显然太过武断。论者没有提供证据表明 Old Dairy Industries 没有在开发此类产品,今后也坚决不卖健康产品。如果说 Old Dairy Industries 已经在开发健康产品的话,以它目前的市场份额,它的新产品还是有希望有很好的市场表现的。

  2>论断认为 Old Dairy Industries 的现有产品市场会缩小。他举例说一份调查的 80%被访者有愿望降低脂肪卡路里摄入量,但他没有证据表明脂肪卡路里的含量是否是人们选择食品时的唯一或是最重要标准,因为其他像口味、价格以及品牌问题肯定还是会左右人们的选择。另外有关这份调查的有效性,代表性论者也没有给出资料,如果说这份调查的被调查者都是老人或是肥胖者,那么它显然不具备普遍说服力。没有这些资料, Old Dairy Industries 的现有产品并不能被肯定会失去它以往的市场份额。

  3>论断的另一个论据是商店里低脂肪的产品很多,但这显然与 Old Dairy Industries 的市场表现毫无关系。因为论者既没有例举出这些产品是哪种类型,蛋糕还是冰淇凌,与 Old Dairy Industries 的是不是相同,有没有对 Old Dairy Industries 的市场造成冲激,也没有说明人们是否更愿意买这些商品。这些产品的存在不足以证明 Old Dairy Industries 将失去它的市场。

  4>论断得出的也很没有道理。就算 Old Dairy Industries 对市场需求反应迟钝,正在一步步失去它的市场份额,也不能就此认为它一点都不具备投资价值。毕竟目前市场上大多数的食品市场由它占有,这种品牌号召力首先就非常吸引人。另外其他的因素比如销售渠道,管理能力,营销方式等等也都是考量这个企业是否有投资价值的标准。毕竟今天不是最后的宣判,Old Dairy Industries 或其他有兴趣的投资人可以从今天开始改造 Old Dairy Industries,比如说抓紧推出健康食品。

  5>结论:论者没有深入了解 Old Dairy Industries 和目前的食品市场就仓促得出结论,这样非常不公平。如果要证明 Old Dairy Industries 的确不值得投资,论者还需要进一步证明该公司已无法开发出新产品,现在市场也已受到健康食品的严重冲击,另外还有就是 Old Dairy Industries 以前的所有优势也不复存在。

 

  2. The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a Batavia newspaper.

  "The department of agriculture in Batavia reports that the number of dairy farms throughout the country is now 25 percent greater than it was 10 years ago. During this same time period, however, the price of milk at the local Excello Food Market has increased from $1.50 to over $3.00 per gallon. To prevent farmers from continuing to receive excessive profits on an apparently increased supply of milk, the Batavia government should begin to regulate retail milk prices. Such regulation is necessary to ensure fair prices for consumers."

  Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.

  Batavia 的农业部门报告说全国奶牛农庄的数量比 10 年前增加了 25%。然而就在同一时期,当地Excello Food Market 牛奶的价格从每加仑$1.5 上涨到了$3.0。为防止农场主在牛奶供应量明显增加的情况下获取过多的利润, Batavia 的政府应限制牛奶的零售价。这种限价对于保证更低的牛奶价格和充足的供应是必需的。

  1>论断:为保证消费者得到低价和足够的牛奶供应,规范价格非常必要。因为奶农数量在过去 10 年增加了 25%,而同时市场里的牛奶价格却升了一倍,这表明奶农从中获得了多余的利润。

  2>论断的前提是牛奶农们获得了多余的利润,但是却没有提供相应的证据。论者没有对牛奶生产所需的成本作任何调查,也没有提供农民获得的赢利具体是多少,更没有提供这样的赢利与其他产品的市场相比是否超出了应该的范围。这样武断地认为农民拿到了多余的利润非常不公平。

  3>论断引用的证据是牛奶价格在牛奶农场数量上升的同时,翻了一倍。但论据中有很多疑点,首先农场数量的增长不一定必然带来牛奶产量的上升。我们知道根据一般规律,产品数量上升会带来相应价格的下降,但是论据却没有提供任何有关牛奶产量的资料,这并不能排除农场数量增多的同时,单个农场的产量却在下降,从而导致市场上牛奶供应持平甚致有可能下降。另外价格的变化与供应量的变化之间也不是必然的,牛奶价格上涨有可能是整个经济环境的问题,比如说通货膨胀,论据没有提供任何有关整个市场或是其他商品价格变化的资料。

  4>论者认为市场的牛奶价格过高需要规范,以保证消费者获得低价足够的牛奶供应。但是他却忽视了一个重要问题就是牛奶的价格上涨正反应了牛奶需求量的上升。如果调低价格,牛奶市场就会失去一部现有的牛奶资源,从而导致供应不足。

  5>结论:该论断仅凭市场的表象就作出结论,缺乏对牛奶市场的深入调查。要进一步了解牛奶市场的价格是否合理是否需要规范,他还需要了解目前的牛奶供应量是多少,是否满足消费者需求,以及整个市场的价格水平。

 

  3. The president of Grove College has recommended that the college abandon its century-old tradition of all-female education and begin admitting men. Pointing to other all-female colleges that experienced an increase in applications after adopting coeducation, the president argues that coeducation would lead to a significant increase in applications and enrollment. However, the director of the alumnae association opposes the plan. Arguing that all-female education is essential to the very identity of the college, the director cites annual surveys of incoming students in which these students say that the school's all-female status was the primary reason they selected Grove. The director also points to a survey of Grove alumnae in which a majority of respondents strongly favored keeping the college all female.

  Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.

  我们建议Grove学院保留其已有百年历史的女校传统,而不是允许录取男性。确实有大部分员工投票赞成男女同校,认为这会使更多的学生申请Grove。但由学生会所组织的一次调查中,有80%的被访学生要求学校维持女校形式,并且在回应了一次单独调查的校友中超过一半的人也反对男女同校。因此,维持女校形式将促进学生的精神状态并且让校友继续对学院进行财政资助。

  1> 前提,联合教育会降低士气减少校友支持,没有证据。

  2> 论据,两校调查都没有具体的总数,调查本身的可性度不高。而且可能会有其他问题使得他们没有说实话,比如女生可能都比较害羞。而且同意改变就意味着对现状不满意,有人会影响这种心理而不说实话。

  3> 比较扩大申请带来的收入和校友捐资减少。

  4> 结论:尽管学生真不喜欢联合教育,学校也应该从教育的目的考虑,不能一味顺从学生。社会是男女共存的,联合教育可能比全女生教育更合适。有可能80%就已经说明学生有问题了。

 

  4. The following appeared on the Mozart School of Music Web site.

  "The Mozart School of Music should be the first choice for parents considering enrolling their child in music lessons. First of all, the Mozart School welcomes youngsters at all ability and age levels; there is no audition to attend the school. Second, the school offers instruction in nearly all musical instruments as well a wide range of styles and genres from classical to rock. Third, the faculty includes some of the most distinguished musicians in the area. Finally, many Mozart graduates have gone on to become well-known and highly paid professional musicians."

  Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

  Mozart 音乐学校显然应该是所有注意到其声誉的学音乐学生的第一选择。首先, Mozart 学校强调集中的练习和训练,因而学生通常在很小的时候就开始接受训练。其次,学校拥有充足的师资和最先进的专业器具,其员工包括一些全球最著名的音乐教师。最后,很多 Mozart 的毕业生已经成为全国最有名而且收入最高的音乐家。

  1> 学校好,学费贵不贵?另外给出的三个原因都有问题。

  2> 早期开始大量练习。首先这样不一定好,比如抑制学生想象力等等,这是教育界一直比较争论的。

  3> 其次对于学生来说,严格的训练可能会吓着他们而不愿去。

  4> 第三,很早期开始训练,多早,年纪稍大的岂不是不行了。坦率说,这是一条weaken。

  5> 先进设备和好的老师。先进设备给不给学生用,好的老师还教不教学。

  6> 音乐家的问题,没给数字和证据,无法想信其客观。

 

  5. The following appeared as a letter to the editor of a national newspaper.

  "Your recent article on corporate downsizing* in Elthyria maintains that the majority of competent workers who have lost jobs as a result of downsizing face serious economic hardship, often for years, before finding other suitable employment. But this claim is undermined by a recent report on the Elthyrian economy, which found that since 1999 far more jobs have been created than have been eliminated, bringing the unemployment rate in Elthyria to its lowest level in decades. Moreover, two-thirds of these newly created jobs have been in industries that tend to pay above-average wages, and the vast majority of these jobs are full-time." Downsizing is the process whereby corporations deliberately make themselves smaller, reducing the number of their employees.

  Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

  你们最近关于美国集体裁员的文章是有误导性的。该文章给人们一种错误的印象,即很多在企业面临严重经济困难的时候裁员而导致失业的有能力的工人通常要用几年的时间找到另一份合适的工作。但这种感觉与最近一次关于美国经济的报告相矛盾,报告发现自 1992 年以来新增的就业机会数量远超过消失的岗位数量。该报告也指出很多失业人员已经找到了新工作 。新增就业机会中有三分之二是那些提供高于平均水平薪酬的企业提供的,而且这些岗位绝大多数是全职工作。

  1> 推论完全建立在这篇报道,但报道没有提供任何数字与证据,无法判断它的真实与准确。先以它真实为前提,论者的推理中有问题。新设的岗位多,不一定被裁的工人上,人口在增多,有更多的人要找工作。

  2> 被裁员的工人可能无法得到那三分之二的工高资和全职岗位。因为岗位工种限制、技术限制、年龄限制。 很多失业人找到工作,不是全部,而且也许用了很多年。失业人数也在增加。

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