Conversation 1：喜欢什么窗帘，她来句有什么办法呢，然后重听问，为什么她说有什么办法这句话。

 

Lecture1：第二篇文章是关于画家与光学成像的设备。从前有个画家，人们对他的作品有广泛的好评，因为他画的画非常逼真。这种效果体现在两个方面：1画卷上的内容透视效果画得很好，无论是近处放大和远处缩小都处理的很好。2画面上的光线体现特别好，有反射和明暗对比等。教授说在过去那个时代，类似小孔成像的光学仪器就已经有人发明了。用这个仪器可以将物体的影响投射到墙上，这就是照相机的雏形。他还说，这位画家的画画得这么好，就曾有人怀疑他就是使用了这种光学仪器来辅助做画的。后来，有个人就做了研究实验，将这位画家的多幅作品放在一起，从而推断出他的画室里的布局，进一步模拟出这位画家当时作画时大概站立和这种光学设备摆放的位置。不过教授又说，这些假设还不是定论，仍旧需要进一步的证据证明，也存在这种可能，就是这个画家就是具有异于常人的极敏锐的观察力。

 

Lecture2：第三篇讲的是一个在美洲的土着民族迁徙的情况。教授说，远在1300年，有一个名族曾经在美洲四个国家曾经生活过，后来离开了。人们在南美发现了古文明的遗址与历史记录中的这个民族的建筑风格很相似，而且建筑时间都在1300年之后，而这些证据可以用来帮助解开当时他们为什么离开原住地的疑问。以前人们怀疑是干旱导致他们的离开，但有人研究了房子周围树木的年轮，发现在他们搬走之前，这些地方就已经经历了长时间的干旱，可为什么他们后来才搬走无法解释。另外，人们对这个名族的生产水平进行了研究，发现他们的农业生产一直处于良好的状态，人口也没太多变化，在当时农产品的产量应该可以足够养活当时的人口。因此，就猜测说是由于别的民族出于干旱而迁徙到了他们这里，导致了食物不足。

 

Conversation 2：有一个长对话是说一个女生不知道是自己要搬进公寓还是她妹妹要搬进公寓，然后问管理员，管理员说以前有个进来的学生要求房间粉刷成其他颜色，这个女的说自己想换一套家具，把现在的放到哪(没听见)，管理员说他可以叫人来搬，幸运可以不收费，好像放哪要收寄存费，然后重听题说她妹妹

 

Lecture3：有一篇说predator effect 是说当predator消失后，prey疯长，此时突然引入predator(考点)，会对ecosystem有影响。重听题考了人们的普遍观点(就是一开始讲大家都知道的predator是会使prey数量减少，然后引发系列效应，本文讲述这个common sense之外的另一种effect)

 

然后距离说某种鹿elk(不知道拼得对不对)，在yellow stone national park里生活，后来天敌狼灭绝了，是因为猎杀(这里有考题，但是我有点没记下考点，感觉是问那个阶段实行的policy原因是什么，我选的是没有take into account predator effect，仅供参考)

 

然后elk就大量变多了，于是植物就被吃完了，然后突然引进wolf，于是就是predator effect，后来鹿就少了，植物就被保护了(这篇文章的结构跟口语第6题的模式差不多的，思路很清晰，先说明effect,再举例)

 

Lecture4：暂缺

 

听力经典加试：

 

第一套丢ID卡+某个诗人(romantic *neoclassical那个)+glial cell

 

第二套： 鸟的迁徙;大王花;拉格泰姆音乐Ragtime Music

 

 

综述：春节后的第一托福听力考试要听懂意思难度不大，没有生僻难懂的词和学科理论知识。这就提醒未来的考生在文章不难听懂的情况下，不仅提高自己理解听力信息的能力，还要能听出文章结构和捕抓考点的能力。最后，还需要细心审题和看清选项意思以免失去一些不应该失去的分数。

 

Conversation 1：

 

要点：

 

问她喜欢什么窗帘？她来句有什么办法呢，然后重听问，为什么她说有什么办法这句话？

 

词汇：

 

curtain ['k?tn]n.窗帘

 

Lecture 1：

 

（assignment）【讲座-艺术类-作画】

 

要点：

 

1，第二篇文章是关于画家与光学成像的设备。从前有个画家，人们对他的作品有广泛的好评，因为他画的画非常逼真。

 

2，这种效果体现在两个方面：1画卷上的内容透视效果画得很好，无论是近处放大和远处缩小都处理的很好。2画面上的光线体现特别好，有反射和明暗对比等。

 

3, 教授说在过去那个时代，类似小孔成像的光学仪器就已经有人发明了。用这个仪器可以将物体的影响投射到墙上，这就是照相机的雏形。

 

4, 他还说，这位画家的画画得这么好，就曾有人怀疑他就是使用了这种光学仪器来辅助做画的。后来，有个人就做了研究实验，将这位画家的多幅作品放在一起，从而推断出他的画室里的布局，进一步模拟出这位画家当时作画时大概站立和这种光学设备摆放的位置。

 

5, 不过教授又说，这些假设还不是定论，仍旧需要进一步的证据证明，也存在这种可能，就是这个画家就是具有异于常人的极敏锐的观察力。

 

词汇：

 

optical imaging光学成像

 

perspective [p?'sp?kt?v]透视的

 

magnify ['m?ɡn?fa?]放大

 

lessen ['l?sn]缩小

 

reflect [r?'fl?kt]反射

 

optical instrument ['?pt?k(?)l]光学仪器

 

rudiment ['r?d?m?nt]雏形

 

layout['lea?t]布局

 

imitate ['?m?tet]模拟

 

evidence证据

 

acute [?'kjut]敏锐

 

power of observation观察力

 

Lecture 2：

 

（土着民族）【讲座--人类学】

 

要点：

 

1，第三篇讲的是一个在美洲的土着民族迁徙的情况。

 

2，教授说，远在1300年，有一个民族曾经在美洲四个国家曾经生活过，后来离开了。

 

3, 人们在南美发现了古文明的遗址与历史记录中的这个民族的建筑风格很相似，而且建筑时间都在1300年之后，而这些证据可以用来帮助解开当时他们为什么离开原住地的疑问。

 

4, 以前人们怀疑是干旱导致他们的离开，但有人研究了房子周围树木的年轮，发现在他们搬走之前，这些地方就已经经历了长时间的干旱，可为什么他们后来才搬走无法解释。

 

5, 另外，人们对这个名族的生产水平进行了研究，发现他们的农业生产一直处于良好的状态，人口也没太多变化，在当时农产品的产量应该可以足够养活当时的人口。因此，就猜测说是由于别的民族出于干旱而迁徙到了他们这里，导致了食物不足。

 

词汇：

 

aborigine['?b?'r?d??ni]土着民

 

migrate['ma?ɡret]迁徙

 

monument['mɑnjum?nt遗址

 

architectural style[,ɑ?k?'tekt??r?l]建筑风格

 

drough干旱

 

annual ring年轮

 

Conversation 2：

 

要点：

 

有一个长对话（maybeC2）是说一个女生不知道是自己要搬进公寓还是她妹妹要搬进公寓；

 

然后问管理员，管理员说以前有个进来的学生要求房间粉刷成其他颜色，这个女的说自己想换一套家具，把现在的放到哪（没听见）；

 

管理员说他可以叫人来搬，幸运可以不收费，好像放哪要收寄存费；

 

然后重听题说她妹妹

 

词汇：

 

apartment [?'pɑrtm?nt]公寓

 

dorm/dormitory ['d?rm?t?ri]寝室

 

furniture ['f?n?t??]家具

 

charges/fee费用

 

Lecture 3：

 

要点：1、有一篇说predator effect 是说当predator消失后，prey疯长，此时突然引入predator(考点)，会对ecosystem有影响。

 

2、重听题考了人们的普遍观点（就是一开始讲大家都知道的predator是会使prey数量减少，然后引发系列效应；

 

3、本文讲述这个common sense之外的另一种effect），然后距离说某种鹿elk（不知道拼得对不对），在yellow stone national park里生活，后来天敌狼灭绝了，是因为猎杀（这里有考题，但是我有点没记下考点，感觉是问那个阶段实行的policy原因是什么，我选的是没有take into account predator effect，仅供参考）4、然后elk就大量变多了，于是植物就被吃完了，然后突然引进wolf，于是就是predator effect，后来鹿就少了，植物就被保护了（这篇文章的结构跟口语第6题的模式差不多的，思路很清晰，先说明effect,再举例）词汇：

 

predator ['pr?d?t?]捕食者

 

prey [pre]被捕食者

 

ecosystem ['?ko,s?st?m] 生态系统

 

effect [?'f?kt]影响，效应

 

elk [elk]麋鹿

 

Yellow Stone National Park 美国黄石公园

 

policy ['pɑl?si]政策

 

Lecture 4：暂缺

 

听力加试：

 

两套经典经典加试

 

第一套： 丢ID卡+某个诗人（romantic *neoclassical那个）+glial cell

 

第二套： 鸟的迁徙；大王花；拉格泰姆音乐Ragtime Music

 

 

 

1、 Mommoth Steppe. 亚洲大陆和阿拉斯加中间的白令海域在过去2.5万年之间有七次冰河期(?)反正有七次冷暖交替. 猛马象在最后一次灭绝. G开头的学者认为一种他命名叫MommothSteppe 的草在过去冰河期那段寒冷期间, 除了最冷到最巅峰的时间以外, 都长得比现在的草还要好 (有重述题). 因此可以提供足够的营养给上面大型动物. 现代的植物因为比较酸(acidic)还有一个不太重要的原因没有办法带给地上动物足够的营养. 他认为因为这种草在之后环境变暖了后就灭绝了, 所以猛马象也一起陪葬了. 可是有另外的学者觉得没有化石的证据证实这种Mammoth Steppe真的存在过, 他们觉得猛马象消失后草才跟着一起消失的. 接下来一段在讲一个例子述说大象这种踩踏有利与草原而不适合灌木生长.有一题插入题 (大意是可是这个现象可以以mommonth steppe不易留下化石证据的理由反驳)

 

2、生物应该是生态类的题目. 第一段大意是说人们都觉得群居动物是演化程度比较高的, 因为他们会互相合作, 其实这不是绝对的. 独居的动物(Solitary) 也是有他们生存上的优势. 后面继续说了群居的坏处, 有两点, 一个是群居动物需要耗费精力争夺社会阶层(Social rank); 另外群居也比较容易有传染病. 就生物学上的角度来说, 生物要耗费精力在处理这些负面面影响是演化上不利的条件. 像是某种蜜蜂就需要帮蜂蛹加热帮助猛种微菌(fungus)的感染(有题). 但是整体上,物种会演化成群居生活一定是整体利益大于那些单身生活不利的条件, 反之亦然. 举例, 一种B鱼嘴巴很小, 会跟另外一种C鱼合作赶走想要吃鱼卵的入侵者. 相反地, 跟B鱼同科的D鱼则喜欢独自生活, 不喜欢合作, 他们有天生得大嘴巴可以赶走入侵者, 所以自己生活ok.

 

3、有一座银矿发现后, 铸币业(minting)开始产生. 中世纪的商人开始可以携带比较少的钱币做远距离的贸易. 中间有一些商会的形成, 商人之间的互相(mutual trust)信任造成信用(credit)机制的产生(有重述题). 这题跟TPO好像13还是10有一题很像.

 

 

第一篇：

 

铸币业minting

 

由于银矿的发现，铸币业开始产生。中世纪商人可以仅携带少量银币出行，促进了长途贸易的发展。由此，商业行会形成，商人之间mutual trust刺激credit机制的产生。

 

Medieval minting

 

Alterations in the flan (the coin disk, a term deriving from the French flatir, “to beat flat”) led to corresponding changes in the manufacture of dies. In about AD 220 the Sāsānian dynasty of Iran introduced the concept of thin flan coins, issues that were struck in relief on both sides. In order not to produce intolerable stresses in the dies, since the thinner the material the more force necessary to make it flow into the recesses of the die's design, the depth of relief on such coins was of necessity much shallower than with earlier currency. Such techniques spread by way of Byzantium to northern Europe, where the emperor Charlemagne struck thin flan deniers (small silver coins), or pennies, which became characteristic of both his own and neighbouring kingdoms.

 

The Franks and Saxons inherited an art that was formalistic rather than realistic, and this permitted their coin designs to be made up from a small number of standard elements that were reproducible using punches. It has been shown, for example, that the complete dies for all of the coin types of Edward the Confessor of England could be obtained from seven punches, giving individual wedges, crescents, pellets, and bars, each of which was independently struck to make up a legend and design. Consequently, a single workshop could supply the 70 or so contemporary English mints in a relatively short time. An experimental pair of dies took less than an hour to fabricate. Of course, many European dies were produced by a combination of punching and engraving, while engraving alone was typical of early Islamic and contemporary Oriental dies. With the advent of larger denominations, such as the gros tournois (based on the weight standard of Tours, in France) in the 13th century, more florid designs came to be preferred, but the elements of the royal crown, for example, or the letters of the legend were still punched into the dies. To judge from surviving specimens, both upper and lower dies (trussells and piles) were by then produced from wrought iron. While the upper die retained the cylindrical shape of antiquity, the lower die was tanged (having protrusions added) so that it could be wedged into a wooden block.

 

The thin silver sheet required for the new coins needed to be beaten out from its cast state, and this in turn necessitated annealing (strengthening by slow cooling) to prevent cracking. By the 10th century, squares of sheet, somewhat larger than the eventual penny, were being struck between square dies and then separated by a circular cutter. A few imitative coins on square flans are known from Scandinavia, while die identical coins have exactly matching edge irregularities, proving use of the same cutter. With the introduction of the gros tournois, the blanks were cut roughly circular with shears, then gripped by special tongs in rouleaux (columnar rolls) of a dozen or more, and finally hammered into circularity on a flat anvil. Alternatively, the silver was cast into thin rods of rectangular section; pieces of the correct length (and hence weight) were next cut from the rod by chisel and then, with several annealings, were beaten to the appropriate thickness, before being rounded and struck by a die. Blanching (cleaning) of the blanks by an acid dip was necessary before striking to produce an acceptable surface if oxidation had occurred during annealing.

 

Striking was carried out in much the same way as during antiquity, although contemporary illustrations indicate that only one operator, not a team, was employed. Twelfth-century Byzantine coins were often cup shaped. A full impression of the curved dies could not easily be obtained by one blow; hence there evolved a method of striking one half of the coin with a slightly inclined upper die, which was then rocked over to the other side for a second blow. Bracteates, issues of foil thickness, were common in 12th-century Germany. To make these, a single die was used to strike a column of several blanks resting on a piece of leather, so that the reverse of each was the incuse (hollowed impression) of the obverse. Die life in general was higher than during antiquity, and documentary evidence for 13th-century English pence indicates perhaps 30,000 coins per obverse. There is no evidence for production rates.

 

第二篇：

 

猛犸与草原Mammoth Steppe

 

白令海域在过去2.5万年之间有七次冷暖交替，猛犸象在最后一次灭绝。学者G认为一种名为Mammoth Steppe的草在气候寒冷时期，除了最冷的较短时间段外，成长状况都非常好，甚至好于现代的草，足成为猛犸充足的食物来源。现代植物由于ph值偏低，以及其他诸多原因，作为食物质量较差，不适合猛犸食用。因此，合理的推论是Mammoth Steppe的灭绝与猛犸灭绝有某种联系。有反对者认为Mammoth Steppe的存在缺乏化石证据的支持，因此这种草和猛犸的联系也可疑。另有叙述：草原的繁盛或许与猛犸的踩踏有关——灌木被破坏，难以与草本植物抢养分。但这种观点也因为化石证据有限而可疑。

 

mammoth

 

any member of an extinct group of elephants found as fossils in Pleistocene deposits over every continent except Australia and South America and in early Holocene deposits of North America. (The Pleistocene Epoch began 2.6 million years ago and ended 11,700 years ago. The Holocene Epoch began 11,700 years ago and continues through the present.) The woolly, Northern, or Siberian mammoth (M. primigenius) is by far the best-known of all mammoths. The relative abundance and, at times, excellent preservation of this species' carcasses found in the permanently frozen ground of Siberia has provided much information about mammoths' structure and habits. Fossil mammoth ivory was previously so abundant that it was exported from Siberia to China and Europe from medieval times. Scientific evidence suggests that small populations of woolly mammoths in North America may have survived until between 10,500 and 7,600 years ago.

 

Mammoths figured significantly in the art of primitive humans; cave dwellers in Europe realistically depicted herds of these animals. Mammoths were sometimes trapped in ice crevasses and covered over; they were frozen, and their bodies were remarkably well preserved. In fact, cases have been reported in which sled dogs actually were fed the meat from frozen mammoth carcasses that had begun to thaw out of the ice that had held them for almost 30,000 years.

 

A variety of distinct species are included in the genus Mammuthus. Most mammoths were about as large as modern elephants. The North American imperial mammoth (M. imperator) attained a shoulder height of 4 metres (14 feet). At the other extreme were certain dwarfed forms whose ancestors became isolated on various islands. Many mammoths had a woolly, yellowish brown undercoat about 2.5 cm (1 inch) thick beneath a coarser outer covering of dark brown hair up to 50 cm (20 inches) long. Under the extremely thick skin was a layer of insulating fat at times 8 cm (3 inches) thick. The skull in Mammuthus was high and domelike. The ears, small for an elephant, were probably adaptively advantageous for an animal living in a cold climate; the smaller amount of exposed surface area diminished heat losses. A mound of fat was present as a hump on the back. This structure is lacking in fossil remains, but evidence for its presence comes from cave paintings. The prominent tusks were directed downward and were very long; in older males they sometimes curved over each other. Mammoth dentition was made up of alternating plates of enamel and a denture that often became worn down by constant back-to-front chewing motions. Remains of arctic plants have been found in the digestive tracts of frozen mammoth carcasses. It is clear that the mammoth was hunted by early North American hunters.

 

第三篇：

 

群居的劣势

 

群居通常被认为是一种较为先进的生物社群组织结构，但这种观点可疑——独居也有很多优势。群居的坏处，有两点：1、群居动物需要耗费精力争夺社会阶层social rank。2、另外群居也比较容易有传染病。但是整体上，某一物种进化到群居状态，则群居的利益必然大于独居，反之亦然——文中有实例支持这一观点。

 

若干词汇题

 

Tactic=strategy

 

Potential=possible

 

Inhibit=prevent

 

 

 

1.托福综合写作题目

 

阅读：科学家发现到达North America的最早的inhabitants是欧洲人并不是之前认为的亚洲人，给出了这个thesis三个理由

 

一是科学家在欧洲和北美都发现了spear points，而且都是single，large and sharp blade，但是亚洲的spear point很小，

 

二是有一个human bone被发现可以证明这个结论，

 

三是欧洲人可以穿越Atlantic Ocean，因为海路相对方便，并且一路上的ice可以用作resource of water

 

听力：反驳。

 

北美和欧洲的spear point发展过程是独立的，欧洲的spear大是因为他们要hunt mammals，

 

然后人骨只是一个single sample更多的其他人骨发现不是欧洲人，

 

最后是那个时期，在欧洲人那儿没有发现boat、钓鱼工具等等，说明他们对航海没啥经验，a lack of experience of sea travel会让他们不容易存活下来。

 

2.托福独立写作题目：Do you agree or disagree: the world is busy and crowded, we should not expect people to be polite to others.

 

 

托福独立写作题目（20091010NA/20110212ML）：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Our society today is so busy and crowded that people do not need to be polite to each other.

 

People today enjoy great material wealth due to hardwork, but some complain that people today are less polite than they used to be. Extremists argue that people do not need to have the conventional social norms, such as saying hello to other people, because those manners are a waste of time. However, I think politeness is important in many aspects of modern life.

 

First, in dealing relationships with family and friend, people need to be polite and considerate. Many young people today claim that they are too busy to call their parents and contact their friends. Once, I refused to spend time talking with parents, using the excuse that I had too much work. The consequence was that my mother got angry and hung up the phone. Our relationship was strained, but I soon realized my rudeness and apologized to my mother. My mother forgave me because I showed my respect and concern for her. This situation is also true for friends. Politeness is a bond in relationships with close family members and friends.

 

Second, in a working environment, one needs to obey the basic social norms of courtesy for interpersonal communication. Consider a rude colleague who is always short and unpleasant with his coworkers. Not many people are willing to work with him, because he does not show any basic skills or ability to deal with people. On the contrary, a coworker who smiles and acts respectfully towards others will certainly be more popular and easier to work with. Obviously, politeness will never be outdated, no matter how busy the world becomes.

 

Third, in the political realm and entertainment industry, celebrities need to show a gracious and friendly manner in order to maintain a positive image. All politicians have a hectic agenda. But when they are giving a speech to the public, politicians need to dress appropriately and speak in a certain way. Patience when answering questions is also a must. Similarly, a famous movie star or a pop singer needs to show a friendly attitude towards any crazy fan. Otherwise, the printing media will make a big deal out of his/her unappreciative manner towards fans.

 

In conclusion, though the world today drives people to work like machines, politeness is a prerequisite for people to have a satisfying home life and a fulfilling career.

 

 

 

 1.(版本一)What is the one thing foreign tourist need to pay attention to before they visit your country? Explain why? Include details and examples in your explanation.

 

(版本二)别人来我们国家旅游先必须了解什么

 

2. Some students prefer a grade that is based on many short assignments，while others prefer a grade based one or two long assignments. Which one do you prefer?

 

3.阅读：一个proposal，要学校把student orientation session移到summer

 

理由一：刚开学大家都很忙

 

理由二：能有更多的时间了解室友

 

听力：女的反对

 

理由一：有很多有兼职，或住得远，不方便回学校，如果移到summer，有的人就参加不了了

 

理由二：还有其他方法联系室友，email、telephone(text)

 

4.阅读：diminishing effects，就是人们会因为某些behavior 有negative effects 而不做，但看到别人做而没有negative results时就也会做

 

听力：professor讲了自己的经历，他刚college毕业时，在law什么什么工作，a serious job，他穿的formal，从不迟到，从不在workplace吃东西，但是他看到co-worker Jane 开会还吃东西，而且没有get into troubles with the boss， 所以他也开始在会上吃东西

 

5.困难：两个学生，马上要有一个关于上节课授课内容的quiz，女的上次没去，不知道，也没笔记，还有一个小时

 

方案一：男的邀请女的看他的笔记

 

评价：但女的要辅导同学化学

 

方案二：男的就说可以跟老师商量一下，得到教授的许可，不参加这次考试

 

评价：但又感觉这样不好

 

6.核心：讲camel在沙漠中对炎热环境的adaptability

 

方法一：physiological——humps，由fatty tissues构成，能吸走热量，使main body keep cool，而不至于让organs 处于unhealthy的高温中

 

方法二：behavioral——少动，少站，大部分时间sitting down，这样可以少产生能量;另外要经常sit in groups，可以有shadow

 

 

1: If friends from another country were going to spend time in your country, what suggestions would you like to give them? Using details and examples, explain why.

 

参考答案

 

If friends from another country were going to spend time in my country, I would like to give them the following suggestions. First of all, visit as many historical site as possible. Take Beijing as an example. Although the city is very modernized nowadays, the uniqueness and soul of it lies within its historical sites like the Forbidden City, the Great Walls and the Summer Palace. Spending sometime in places like these will open their minds, and give them a better understanding of the country and our people. Also, talk to local people as much as possible. We can tell them things like where to try the most authentic local food and find good price on gifts.

 

2 : Some people prefer to write many short assignments for a semester, other prefer to write one or two long assignments for a semester. Which do you prefer? Explain why.

 

参考答案

 

I prefer to write one or two long assignments for a semester for the following reasons. First of all, this means I’ll have more time preparing them. That’ll give me a chance to do plenty of research. It can take quite a long time to go through reference books and academic journals in a library for the perfect information sometimes. In addition, I’ll have more time to polish my work after the first draft. Comments can be obtained through peer reviews and visits with my professor. That’s going to help me make improvements to my paper thus ensuring me a good grade.

 

2. Some students prefer a grade that is based on many short assignments，while others prefer a grade based one or two long assignments. Which one do you prefer?

 

3.

 

阅读：一个proposal，要学校把student orientation session移到summer

 

理由一：刚开学大家都很忙

 

理由二：能有更多的时间了解室友

 

听力：女的反对

 

理由一：有很多有兼职，或住得远，不方便回学校，如果移到summer，有的人就参加不了了

 

理由二：还有其他方法联系室友，email、telephone（text）

 

解析：

 

Key Points:

 

Reading: The university is going to hold student orientation session in summer instead of after the enrollment.

 

Reason 1: Every one will get busy when the school begins.

 

Reason 2: Students will have more time getting alone with their roommates.

 

Listening: The woman disagrees with this proposal.

 

Reason 1: There are many students who have part-time jobs or live far away from school cannot attend the orientation in summer.

 

Reason 2: There are many other ways to communicate with roommates, like writingE-mails or having telephone calls and so on.

 

4.

 

阅读：diminishing effects，就是人们会因为某些behavior 有negative effects 而不做，但看到别人做而没有negative results时就也会做

 

听力：professor讲了自己的经历，他刚college毕业时，在law什么什么工作，a serious job，他穿的formal，从不迟到，从不在workplace吃东西，但是他看到co-worker Jane 开会还吃东西，而且没有get into troubles with the boss， 所以他也开始在会上吃东西

 

解析：

 

Key Points:

 

Reading: Diminishing effect means people will not have several behaviors because of their negative effects, but they WILL do so once they don’t find any negative results of such behaviors.

 

Listening: Professor gives his personal experience to illustrate what is diminishing effect. Right after his graduation after college, he worked for a law office, which was a serious job for him. So he dressed formally, he was never late for work nor did he ever eat at workplace. But once he saw his co-worker, Jane, eat at the meeting without getting into troubles with the boss, he started eating at meetings, too.

 

5.

 

困难：两个学生，马上要有一个关于上节课授课内容的quiz，女的上次没去，不知道，也没笔记，还有一个小时

 

方案一：男的邀请女的看他的笔记

 

评价：但女的要辅导同学化学

 

方案二：男的就说可以跟老师商量一下，得到教授的许可，不参加这次考试

 

评价：但又感觉这样不好

 

解析：

 

Key Points:

 

Problem: The woman has confronted with a problem that she has to attend a quiz one hour later but she didn’t prepare for it because she didn’t attend the class last week and didn’t know there would be a quiz this week.

 

Solution 1: She can read the man’s notes.

 

Comment: But the woman has promised another classmate to help with his chemistry.

 

Solution 2: She can discuss with the professor and ask his/her permission not to attend the quiz for this time.

 

Comment: But it seems improper to do so.

 

6.

 

核心：讲camel在沙漠中对炎热环境的adaptability

 

方法一：physiological——humps，由fatty tissues构成，能吸走热量，使main body keep cool，而不至于让organs 处于unhealthy的高温中

 

方法二：behavioral——少动，少站，大部分时间sitting down，这样可以少产生能量；另外要经常sit in groups，可以有shadow

 

解析：

 

Key Points:

 

The professor introduces two ways of adaptability of camels in desert.

 

The first way is physiological way in which it uses its humps. The humps are consisted of fatty tissues that can absorb much heat to keep main body cool instead of exposing organs under unhealthy high temperature.

 

The second way is behavioral one, which means it spends most time sitting down instead of moving and standing. In this way, it consumes less energy. In addition, it usually sits in groups because there will be shadows that can help reduce temperature.