1.女生学什么乐器的专业。跑来问教授，concert您觉得怎么样，教授说真好!我还有点surprise呢，因为你们居然唱歌了。女生说，对啊我们想做点不一样的事。而且我很喜欢唱歌，我小时候参加过singing课呢，只不过后来玩儿了这个乐器，这次的concert我发现我真的好喜欢好喜欢唱歌!我想知道我能不能继续学唱歌。教授说好啊，喜欢唱歌可以上唱歌课嘛!女生说，我发现我真的特别爱唱歌，嗯，嗯，额，额，i wonder. 教授说你想转专业?女生嗯。教授说我不觉得这是个好主意。你学唱歌去我都担心你毕不了业啊，你谈这个乐器很有前途啊，过一阵有啥组织过来干嘛我觉得你很可能入选呢(有题，教授提这个组织干嘛，答discourage the student to...)而且唱歌不是就只是唱歌，不是你喜欢就行，还有表演的因素还有blablabla。喜欢你可以参加music play。女生说我以为music play只要music专业的学生，教授说不是，主要是为了让music学生involve，但是也招收别的学生(有题，问女生关于music play弄错了什么，弄错了以为他们只要本专业学生)。教授说你可以上两节去试试。女生说好。主旨题：女生找教授干嘛?

　　2.什么什么人是移民到美国的，一开始是哪儿的呢，有人说西伯利亚的，后来又说欧洲的。证据就是关于在山洞里的工具一样什么的。

　　3.电影历史课。一上来就问为嘛电影啥?学生答，电影great呗!(有重听题，学生啥意思，意思是她觉得老师这问题的答案好明显的。)后面讲了action XXX(picture?photo?)。再后面讲了realistic film，学生问他跟现在documentary film很像喽?教授说差不多有不同(有题，哪儿不同)，貌似是以前的film比较短就20分钟左右，不像现在。(不太确定，但是有说到时间短是肯定的)

　　4.一个男人，到图书馆来，问图书馆的工作。。。女工作人员就打断他说我们这招满了去别的图书馆看看(有题：为啥提到别的图书馆，是说我们这招满了)，然后俩人有对话两回合发现女工作人员搞错了，这男的上周面试过了已经录取了，女的说，怪不得呢我上周出去vacation了。然后正经的来了，男的问问工作建议，他觉得自己技术上没啥问题但是教学生我怕不行，有啥建议。女工作人员well,我觉得你上课时一定要把讲的东西准备一份纸质版，因为电脑总是在你需要的时候let you down(有题，女说这话啥意思?答案A说暗示图书馆电脑维护的不好，我觉得不选这个，我选的啥。。)后面还说图书馆的system，technic什么的，其中有一个是男的比较没信心的(有提问男的担心哪些，四选二，一个是teach,一个就是上面提到的)

　　5.讲抗原抗体(理科生的福气)，就先讲抗原抗体的原理，第一次注射后引起反应(有题，让人第一次接触抗原是为了什么啊?选为了唤起免疫系统)，第二次接触就会大量的迅速的产生抗体啦。后面还说发明疫苗的一个人。然后一开始人都XXX(意思就是不接受，但是我没听清，有题问一开始出现疫苗的时候人们的反应，我不确定是选，人们害怕不敢接种，还是人们提出反对)，但是后来广泛应用。有题：表格，行是三种病，抗原吧，列是引起什么反应还是?忘记了，这题不会做，只能根据笔记零零散散对上的，也不知道对不对。有题：B细胞作用?四选二，愣了一下，强烈呼唤高中生物老师。选的识别这个XX(细菌?)是不是体外的东西，和杀死这个体外的东西。

　　6. geology，说什么不断形成一个什么玩意(实在忘了)，有学生问那地球不就越来越大了?教授说这是个hypothesis，但是实际上其他的地方在减少啊。然后又说了这个石头里面有磁铁，每段时间的样本指向不一样。

 

 

　　第一篇：Agricultural Management in the Late Aztec society

　　版本一：

　　一个什么地区的农业问题。讲了农业上三个问题，假设是ABC吧。A是家庭就可以完成。B是灌溉，建设起来工程大，维护起来很费力，是政府介入的，几个城市还是分别独立的不影响。C是既有A的特点又有B的特点(这句话有改写题，改写成：C像B一样建设和维护起来很麻烦需要政府的力量，也像A一样后期可以家庭就可以实现不需要政府的力量)。

　　版本二：

　　第一篇：mesoamerica的农业，讲那个地方的人农业很密集，但都是各户耕种就足以自足了，后来又有政府神马的公众机构涉入，建造和maintain河道(好像是河道)

　　Aztec Agriculture

　　Farming provided the basis of the Aztec economy. The land around the lakes was fertile but not large enough to produce food for the population, which expanded steadily as the empire grew. To make more land suitable for farming, the Aztec developed irrigation systems, formed terraces on hillsides, and used fertilizer to enrich the soil. Their most important agricultural technique, however, was to reclaim swampy land around the lakes by creating chinampas, or artificial islands that are known popularly as “floating gardens.” To make the chinampas, the Aztec dug canals through the marshy shores and islands, then heaped the mud on huge mats made of woven reeds. They anchored the mats by tying them to posts driven into the lake bed and planting trees at their corners that took root and secured the islands permanently. On these fertile islands they grew corn, squash, vegetables, and flowers.

　　Aztec farmers had no plows or work animals. They planted crops in soft soil using pointed sticks. Corn was their principal crop. Women ground the corn into a coarse meal by rubbing it with a grinding stone called a mano against a flat stone called a metate. From the corn meal, the Aztec made flat corn cakes called tortillas, which was their principal food. Other crops included beans, squash, chili peppers, avocados, and tomatoes. The Aztec raised turkeys and dogs, which were eaten by the wealthy; they also raised ducks, geese, and quail.

　　Aztec farmers had many uses for the maguey plant (also known as the agave), which grew in the wild to enormous size. The sap was used to make a beerlike drink called pulque, the thorns served as needles, the leaves were used as thatch for the construction of dwellings, and the fibers were twisted into rope or woven into cloth.

　　Aztec Society

　　Agriculture

　　The pre-conquest Aztecs were an empire that prospered agriculturally, and they did so without the wheel or domestic beasts of burden. They had four main methods of agriculture that were quite successful. The earliest, most basic form of agriculture implemented by the Aztecs is known as “rainfall cultivation.” The Aztecs also implemented terrace agriculture in hilly areas, or areas that could not be used for normal farming. Terracing allowed for an increased soil depth and impeded soil erosion. The terraces were built by piling up a wall of stones parallel to the contour of the hillside. Dirt was then filled in, creating viable, flat farmland. There were three types of terrace agriculture, each one used for specific circumstances. The three types were; hillslope contour terraces (steeper slopes), semi-terraces (gentle slopes, walls were made with Maguey plants rather than stones), and cross-channel terraces. Terracing was used mostly in the highlands of the Aztec empire. The Aztecs invented the wheel for the use of their children but not for them.

　　In the valleys of the empire, irrigation farming was used. Dams diverted water from natural springs to the fields. This allowed for harvests to be successful on a regular basis. The prosperity of a field was not dependent upon the rain. Irrigation systems had been in place long before the Aztecs. However, they built canal systems that were longer and much more elaborate than any previous irrigation systems. They even managed to divert a large portion of the Cuauhtitlan River to provide irrigation to large areas of fields. The network of canals was a very complex and intricate system.

　　In the swampy regions along Lake Xochimilco, the Aztecs implemented yet another method of crop cultivation. They built what are called chinampas. Chinampas are areas of raised land, created from alternating layers of mud from the bottom of the lake, and plant matter/other vegetation. These “raised beds” were between 2 and 4 meters wide, and 20 to 40 meters long. They rose about 1 meter above the surface of the water, and were separated by narrow canals, which allowed farmers to move between them by canoe. The chinampas were extremely fertile pieces of land, and yielded, on average, seven crops annually. In order to plant on them, farmers first created “seedbeds,” or reed rafts, where they planted seeds and allowed them to germinate. Once they had, they were re-planted in the chinampas. This cut the growing time down considerably.

　　第二篇：日本气候

　　版本一：

　　日本的气候，受两气流的影响，西伯利亚气流和啥，一冷一暖，有图。第一段的题问哪个不是西伯利亚冷空气带来的影响。

　　后面说气候对农业(冬天冷不好啦夏天多雨好啦)，对居住的影响。

　　最后一段说two million啥以来，人们居住从south向north了，导致农业产量不太好(这里有题，我貌似选了人们居住从south向north了，where plants 也种的好，差不多意思)

　　版本二：

　　日本的气候，还给了图，先是说西伯利亚冷空气的影响，后来什么降水和台风还是什么风之类的也有影响，再然后讲到气候对日本农业的影响，南北不一，一边好一边不好，具体也忘了那边好那边不好了，反正有区别(这里有题，还不止一道，细节题和排除题)，然后日本人就都挪窝到东北了貌似，因为气候和其他因素限制农业发展。

　　本篇解析请直接回顾2013年1月26日的阅读解析的第二篇。

　　第三篇：动物选择栖息地

　　版本一：

　　第一段集合了好几个词汇题。

　　动物选择habitat。第二段有一个人做了一个实验(有题问为什么提到这个实验，我选为了挑战那一段第一句的说法)中间提了光照什么的，也有实验，结果鸟儿调整了自己的。。。(作息??)

　　后面还说了迁徙时female鸟不想和male竞争就飞得远一点(有题为啥female飞得远)。

　　版本二：

　　动物选择栖息地，受多种因素控制，有一种叫photoperoid，指光照时间，讲了鸟因光照长短不同而选择不同栖息地的实验，还有避免竞争(有题，female不想和male竞争就飞得远远儿的)，然后还有predator的威胁。就这三个了貌似。

　　Habitat Selection

　　Charles Darwin visited the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic during his 1831-1836 globe-girdling expedition in H.M.S. Beagle. He reported: "Two kinds of geese frequent the Falklands. The upland species (Anas magellanica) is common, in pairs and in small flocks, throughout the island.... The rock goose, so called from living exclusively on the sea-beach (Anas antarctica), is common both here and on the west coast of America, as far north as Chile." The names of the geese have since changed (to Chloeophaga picta and C. hybrida, respectively), but these, two closely related species each live, as Darwin described, in a different range of habitats.

　　Ornithologists are interested in answering two major questions about habitat selection -- what determines the range of habitats in which a species occurs, and how does each individual determine when it's in an appropriate habitat? The first question is evolutionary: how has natural selection shaped habitat choices? The second is behavioral: what cues does a bird use in "choosing" its home? We put choosing in quotes to emphasize the presumed absence of conscious choice. Indeed, some ecologists employ the term "habitat use rather than "habitat selection" to avoid the connotation of birds making deliberate decisions among habitat alternatives.

　　Birds are nearly ideal subjects for studies of habitat selection, because they are highly mobile, often migrating thousands of miles (and in the process passing over an enormous range of environments), and yet ordinarily forage, breed, and winter in very specific habitats. Indeed, the lives of small migrant songbirds are replete with habitat choices -- where to feed, where to seek a mate, where to build a nest, where to stop to replenish depleted stores of fat when migrating, and so on. Choices can be so finely tuned that often the two sexes of a species use habitats differently. In grassland, male Henslow's Sparrows forage farther from the nest than females; in woodlands, female Red-eyed Vireos seek their food closer to the height of their nest (10-30 feet), and males forage closer to the height of their song perches (20-60 feet).

　　Many studies have demonstrated the special habitat requirements of different species. Belted Kingfishers choose nesting sites at those points along streams where particular kinds of riffles shelter fish. Broad-tailed Hummingbirds in the Colorado Rockies select nest sites under a canopy of conifer branches; the nighttime microclimate is warmer there, and the chance of daytime overheating is less. Red-cockaded Woodpeckers settle in woodlands offering the tall, old pines infected with heartwood fungus that their clans require for nests. Spotted Owls may require a habitat that includes cool spots in deep canyons in which to roost, and Ferruginous Hawks select open country with low cover and suitable perch sites.

　　Some groups of birds are much more habitat-specific than others. Our wood warblers (tribe Parulini) are generally much more tied to certain habitats, and tend to restrict the height at which they forage much more closely than do many Old World warblers (family Sylviidae). In most cases the latter do not show the sort of specialization that restricts the Pine Warbler largely to pine and cedar groves, and separates and Ovenbird and Black-and-white Warbler (which occur in a wide variety of vegetation types) by foraging preference. The former searches the ground and the latter gleans tree trunks and limbs. The behavioral differences between the superficially similar New World and Old World warblers indicate that evolution has, to a degree, genetically programmed habitat choice.

　　But the habitat preferences that evolution has programmed into a species are not cast in concrete. Local populations may respond either genetically or behaviorally to special conditions by changing the habitats they occupy. For instance, in a classic study ornithologist Kenneth Crowell compared the ecology of Northern Cardinals, Gray Catbirds, and White-eyed Vireos in eastern North America and on the island of Bermuda. On the mainland all three species prefer forest edge sites, and the catbird and vireo tend to select habitats near water. On Bermuda, which is largely dry and devoid of forest, dense populations of all three species are found in areas of scrub.

　　Similarly, ecologist Martin Cody found that when drought greatly reduced the availability of insects in an Arizona pine-oak woodland, the density of birds was also greatly reduced and the composition of the bird community altered. Those species typical of more moist, higher elevation habitats as well as pine-oak woodland (such as Painted Redstarts, Western Wood-Pewees, and Pygmy Nuthatches), departed. In contrast, species normally found in drier, lower elevation habitats such as mesquite scrub (including Ash-throated Flycatchers, Lucy's Warblers, and House Finches), chose to move into the now more and woodland.

　　Avian habitat selection is a vast topic in part because both amateur and professional students of birds have accumulated an enormous body of information on which birds live where, and how they operate in their environments. But detailed observations can still add to our understanding of habitat selection -- especially observations of bird behavior made when habitats are being altered either by "natural experiments" such as droughts and insect outbreaks or by human activities.

 

 

　　1. Talk about the one thing government can do to improve the educational system in your country. Give details and examples in your answer.

　　参考答案

　　The one thing government can, and should do to improve the education system in China is providing more funding for schools. If such funding were in place, school can use the money to do the following. First of all, the money can be spent toward hiring the right staff. For example, hiring more professors for the faculties, get more campus staff to provide students with good service. Also, the money can be used to update facilities on campus, such as buying books for the library, upgrading equipment in the labs and funding more research projects on campus.

　　2. Some people prefer to own cars; others prefer to mainly use public transportation. Which do you agree with? Explain why.

　　参考答案

　　I prefer to use public transportation rather than owning a car for the following reasons. First of all, public transit is pretty cheap in China, especially in Beijing. A bus ticket only costs about the equivalent of six and half US Cents. A subway ticket costs around 30 Cents. And for one fair, you can ride as stations as you need to. On the other hand, if I own a car, I have to pay for insurance, gas and maintenance every month as long as I own it which can be a pain in the neck. Also, using public transportation is good for the environment. If everyone rides the buses and subway to work, there will be fewer cars sitting in the streets during rush hour, doing nothing but producing emission while idling.

　　3.

　　阅读：有人写信说学 science 的学生不应该学写作 (writing course)

　　理由一：我们天天在实验室呆着不用学习写作的，没有用

　　理由二：天天实验室呆着已近花了很长时间了，为何还让学写作

　　听力：男生不同意这个观点

　　理由一：科学家做研究要写成出书大家才能明白，所以上上写作课是有必要的

　　理由二：我们文科生一样也花了很多时间在图书馆学习，找资料

　　解析：

　　Key Points:

　　Reading: The student writes a letter to suggest that students in science department shouldn’t have writing course because it is useless and tiring for them who have to stay at lab all day long.

　　Listening: The man disagrees with it.

　　Reason 1: Writing course is useful and necessary because only by issuing the book of one’s research can he or she be understood and recognized.

　　Reason 2: Students who are majored in art also spend lots of time at library, doing research, but they still have writing course.

　　4.

　　阅读：

　　Reward Theory of Attraction：外部事件对人们交朋友的影响

　　听力：

　　教授举例：

　　1. 很久以前他搬到了一个新地方，新邻居邀请他去一个party，他玩的很开心，还认识了一个朋友，他们有相同的兴趣喜欢相同的书，甚至都喜欢baseball，现在他们依然有联系，仍然是好朋友。

　　2. 他搬到另一个地方后，新邻居也很好，但是在互相介绍的时候，教授头很疼，结果互相介绍之后，教授和这个邻居就没有再深交

　　解析：

　　Key Points:

　　Reading: Reward Theory of Attraction states that people like those whose behavior is rewarding to them or whom they associate with rewarding events.

　　(Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reward_Theory_of_Attraction)

　　Listening: The professor gives two personal experiences of his own.

　　1. He once moved to a new place where the new neighbor there invited him to a party. They had great fun there. The professor made friend with someone with whom they share common interests in the same book and even in baseball. They still keep in touch with each other till now.

　　2. After he moved to another place, where the new neighbor was also nice. But the professor got a headache when they were introducing themselves to each other. As a result, their relationship didn’t last that long.

　　5.

　　问题：女生不知道怎么回事，弄得人家墙上都是洞，现在要搬出去住了

　　方案一：让房东补洞

　　评价：钱还是要女生出

　　方案二：女生自己补洞

　　评价：但是女生还有很多其他事情要做，很忙，比如要约会、看书等等

　　解析：

　　Key Points:

　　Problem: The woman doesn’t know whether she has to fix the holes on the wall in her renting house that she is going to leave soon.

　　Solution 1: Ask the landlord to fix the holes.

　　Comment: But the woman has to pay for it.

　　Solution 2: The woman fixes the holes by herself.

　　Comment: But she has lots of other things to do, like dating, reading books and so on.

　　6. 两种限制人类活动，从而保护wild环境的方法：

　　方法一：修小路，让人们都走这条路，从而把人们分离开来

　　方法二：限制人数

　　解析：

　　Key Points:

　　The professor gives two ways of restricting human activities in the wild environment.

　　Way 1: Build a road so that everyone can walk on it, separating human activities.

　　Way 2: Restrict the number of human beings.

 

 

　　独立写作题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?  Despite the fact that many countries say they care about environmental problems, the environmental situation will not improve significantly in the future.重复2012.3.23NA

　　范文：

　　These days, countries are much more willing to acknowledge environmental issues than they were in the past.  Part of the reason is that many environmental problems have reached a point where they can't be easily hidden or ignored anymore.  More promisingly, I think countries are also beginning to recognize that alleviating environmental problems is in their best economic interest in the long-term.  For those reasons, I'm willing to bet that the environmental situation will gradually improve as we keep moving forward.

　　Firstly, countries have been facing mounting pressure to be more environmentally conscious from not only their own citizens, but also other countries as well.  With the global village being as connected as it is today, and with citizens being generally more diligent and aware, it is now very difficult to get away with the kind of gross negligence towards the environment that would have been easy to hide twenty or thirty years ago.  For example, if factories are dumping chemicals in local rivers and streams, there are now plenty of nongovernmental organizations to catch them.  On the international level, there are treaties such as the Kyoto Protocol that seek to reign in the greenhouse gas emissions of various countries.

　　Secondly, it is becoming apparent that long-term environmental damage also leads to long-term economic losses.  An organization in China, for example, published that in 2008 over one trillion RMB was lost due to land degradation and ecological damage costs—at the time, that was almost 4 percent of China's GDP.  Factoring the potential long-term costs of environmental recovery, the costs are even higher. Damage to forests, for instance, does not just mean the short-term deprivation of wood resources—it also means higher rates of soil erosion, long-term loss of biodiversity, and long-term economic losses in the form of reduced wood harvests in the future.  The actual costs and figures are now there to back all this up, so countries can start to make informed environmental decisions based on this data.

　　Granted, there may be some cause to remain cynical about things showing much improvement—after all, today there are more cars on the road than ever; industries are booming; fossil fuel consumption is at an all-time high; and many developing countries hold the (not entirely unreasonable) attitude that, "You guys had your chance to pollute and grow, why are you now denying us ours?"  But against this somewhat pessimistic backdrop, a countervailing wave of hope is beginning to crest: more and more people are adopting alternative forms of transport; green technologies are flourishing; the steady march towards fusion power continues; and environmental issues are more prominent in politics than they have ever been.  For these reasons and more, I cannot but see the situation only getting better from here. (Richard, 459)