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2018年7月14日托福阅读真题分析

2018-07-16来源: 啄木鸟教育浏览量:
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           2018年7月14日托福考试难度怎么样?托福阅读部分考了什么?啄木鸟教育老师为大家带来关于本次托福阅读考试的专业分析,希望对大家有帮助!

  Passage one

        学科分类:历史

        题目:古埃及流域文明发展

  内容回忆:从公元前800年到公元前500年,希腊最重要的变化之一,就是城邦的兴起,并且每个城邦发展啦适合自己情况的政府制度。雅典面对和解决的问题是:现存的贵族和新兴的其他阶层之间的政治权力的分享,以及贵族们针对新城邦的生活方式的调整。正是所有这些元素和谐的融合创造了雅典的古典文化。

  进入城邦时代,雅典有着其他希腊典型民主政府的传统机构:一个由成年男性组成的议会,一个贵族委员会,每年选出的官员。在这个传统的框架里面,在公元前600年到450年之间,雅典人发展出了希腊人所认为的一个完全成熟的民主制度,尽管相比于现代,投票权赋予了更少的人群。

  参考阅读:TPO47 PASSAGE1 Roman Cultural Influence on Britain

  PARAGRAPH1: After the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., the presence of administrators, merchants, and troops on British soil, along with the natural flow of ideas and goods from the rest of the empire, had an enormous influence on life in the British Isles. Cultural influences were of three types: the bringing of objects, the transfer of craft workers, and the introduction of massive civil architecture. Many objects were not art in even the broadest sense and comprised utilitarian items of clothing, utensils, and equipment. We should not underestimate the social status associated with such mundane possessions which had not previously been available. The flooding of Britain with red-gloss pottery from Gaul (modern-day France), decorated with scenes from Classical mythology, probably brought many into contact with the styles and artistic concepts of the Greco-Roman world for the first time, whether or not the symbolism was understood. Mass-produced goods were accompanied by fewer more aesthetically impressive objects such as statuettes. Such pieces perhaps first came with officials for their own religious worship; others were then acquired by native leaders as diplomatic gifts or by purchase. Once seen by the natives, such objects created a fashion which rapidly spread through the province.

  1. The word "mundane" in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A material B ordinary C valued D useful

  2. Paragraph 1 suggests that one benefit for British natives in buying such items as red-gloss pottery made in Gaul was

  A improved quality of utilitarian items

  B Understanding the symbolism of Classical mythology

  C higher social standing

  D Learning to mass-produce pottery for a profit

  3. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following ideas about contacts that existed between Britain and the Roman Empire before the Roman conquest of Britain?

  A They were sufficient for native Britons to become familiar with everyday Roman objects.

  B They were not sufficient for even very basic aspects of the culture of the Roman Empire to find their way into British life.

  C They were not sufficient for British to have heard of the power of the Roman Empire.

  D They were sufficient for individual Britons to become very interested in trying to participate in the culture of the Roman Empire.

  PARAGRAPH2: In the most extreme instances, natives literally bought the whole package of Roman culture. The Fishbourne villa, built in the third quarter of the first century A.D.,probably for the native client king Cogidubnus, amply illustrates his Roman pretensions. It was constructed in the latest Italian style with imported marbles and stylish mosaics. It was lavishly furnished with imported sculptures and other Classical objects. A visitor from Rome would have recognized its owner as a participant in the contemporary culture of the empire, not at all provincial in taste. Even if those from the traditional families looked down on him, they would have been unable to dismiss him as uncultured. Although exceptional, this demonstrates how new cultural symbols bound provincials to the identity of the Roman world.

  4. The word "lavishly" in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A exclusively B additionally C appropriately D richly

  5.According to paragraph 2, the style and furnishings of the Fishbourne villa suggest that the person for whom it was built was

  A cultured according to the contemporary standards of the empire

  B caught between native and Roman traditions

  C originally a visitor from Rome

  D a member of a socially inferior family

  PARAGRAPH3: Such examples established a standard to be copied. One result was an influx of craft worker, particularly those skilled in artistic media like stone-carving which had not existed before the conquest. Civilian workers came mostly from Gaul and Germany. The magnificent temple built beside the sacred spring at Bath was constructed only about twenty years after the conquest. Its detail shows that it was carved by artists from northeast Gaul. In the absence of a tradition of Classical stone-carving and building, the desire to develop Roman amenities would have been difficult to fulfill. Administrators thus used their personal contacts to put the Britons in touch with architects and masons. As many of the officials in Britain had strong links with Gaul, it is not surprising that early Roman Britain owes much to craft workers from that area. Local workshops did develop and stylistically similar groups of sculpture show how skills in this new medium became widerspread. Likewise skills in the use of mosaic, wall painting, ceramic decoration, and metal-working developed throughout the province with the eventual emergence of characteristically Romano-British styles.

  6.The word "sacred" in the passage is closet in meaning to

  A holy B ancient C natural D Secret

  7. According to paragraph 3, one factor contributing to success of the earliest Roman-style construction projects in Britain was

  A the fact that long before the conquest many civilian workers from Gaul and Germany had settled in Britain

  B the rapid development of characteristically Romano-British styles

  C the availability, in northeast Gaul, of structures that could serve as standards to be copied

  D the use, by administrators, of personal connections to bring craft workers form Gaul into contact with Britons

  PARAGRAPH4: This art had a major impact on the native peoples, and one of the most important factors was a change in the scale of buildings. Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with people rarely traveling beyond their own region. On occasion large groups amassed for war or religious festivals, but society remained centered on small communities. Architecture of this era reflected this with even the largest of the fortified towns and hill forts containing no more than clusters of medium-sized structures. The spaces inside even the largest roundhouses were modest, and the use of rounded shapes and organic building materials gave buildings a human scale.▊ But the effect of Roman civil architecture was significant. The sheer size of space enclosed within buildings like the basilica of London must have been astonishing. ▊This was an architecture of dominance in which subject peoples were literally made to feel small by buildings that epitomized imperial power. ▊Supremacy was accentuated by the unyielding straight lines of both individual buildings and planned settlements since these too provided a marked contrast with the natural curvilinear shapes dominant in the native realm.▊

  8. In paragraph 4, why does the author mention that "Pre-Roman Britain was highly localized, with people rarely traveling beyond their own region"?

  A To suggest that the Roman conquest of Britain increased the standard of living for natives

  B To indicate that pre-Roman Britain was more interested in festivals and community life than conquering other regions

  C To explain why architecture during this period was not built to be particularly large

  D To illustrate how the traditional roundhouse evolved under the influence of Roman civil architecture

  9. The word "modest" in the passage in closet in meaning to

  A comfortable B limited in number C poorly lit D not large

  10. According to paragraph 4, people in pre-Roman Britain lived, for the most part, in

  A architecture that seemed imperial in size

  B small communities

  C large roundhouses

  D fortified towns

  11. According to paragraph 4, why did straight lines in buildings and settlements emphasize the dominance of those who introduced them?

  A Because straight lines were in contrast to the shapes found in pre-Roman architecture

  B Because unlike curved lines, which are shaped in all sorts of different ways, straight lines do no differ

  C Because the dominant lines in entire settlements were the same as those in individual buildings

  D Because building and settlements were easier to construct when the dominant lines were straight lines

  12. According to paragraph 4, buildings from the pre-Roman period differed sharply from buildings reflection Roman civil architecture in each of the following respects EXCEPT

  A their outside and inside dimensions

  B the impact they had on people

  C the geometric shapes in which they were built

  D the positioning of buildings in clusters

  13. Look at the four squares ▊that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?

  Practical and unimpressive, most were barely taller than the average adult.

  14. Directions:Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

  A. New objects entering Britain ranged from mass-produced articles for everyday use to works of art, and they were widely-and enthusiastically-accepted by native Britons.

  B. Constructing and furnishing buildings in the Roman style required skills that native workers did not at first have, so workers were brought in from other parts of the empire.

  C. Native Britons traveled to Gaul to learn Classical stone-carving and building techniques.

  D. The conquest was followed by a building boom, and enough villas and temples in the Italian style were built that a visitor from Rome would have felt quite at home in post-conquest Britain.

  E. An important symbol of Roman supremacy was Roman architecture, whose enormous size, emphasized by the use of straight lines, made the natives feel insignificant.

  F. Characteristically Romano-British concepts took hold in architecture; roundhouses were built much larger than before, and straight lines began to be used in interior spaces.

  The conquest of Britain by the Roman Empire resulted in significant cultural change.

  Passage two

        学科分类:生物

        题目:恐龙以及和恒温动物的对比

  内容回忆:与晡乳动物和鸟类相反,两栖类动物不能通过它们的代谢活动产生热能,代谢活动允许鸟类和哺乳动物脱离周围环境温度调节体温。然而,两栖类动物完全不能控制他们的体温的说法已被证明是假的,因为他们的体温并不总是对应于周围的温度。尽管两栖类在温度调节上比较薄弱,他们会在有限的程度上控制他们的身体温度。

  生理适应性可以帮助两栖动物在极端条件的栖息地生存。体温的耐受范围代表一个物种可以生存的温度范围。当温度降到-2°C时,一种北美蝾螈依然活跃,而在即使温度上升到41°C,南美洲青蛙依然感觉舒适,这是在自由放养的两栖动物中测试到的最高体温。最近有证据表明,一些北美青蛙和蟾蜍的物种可以在体温-6°C并且大约三分之一的体液冻结的情况下生存五天。它们的其他组织受到保护,因为这些组织包含防冻剂甘油或葡萄糖。

  参考阅读:TPO34 PASSAGE2 Amphibian Thermoregulation

  PARAGRAPH1: In contrast to mammals and birds, amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy through their metabolic activity, which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature. However, the idea that amphibians have no control whatsoever over their body temperature has been proven false because their body temperature does not always correspond to the surrounding temperature. While amphibians are poor thermo regulators, they do exercise control over their body temperature to a limited degree.

  amphibiansn. 两栖动物

  thermal adj. 热的

  regulatev. 调节,规定;控制

  ambientadj. 周围的;外界的;环绕的

  independent of 不依赖…的;不受…支配的

  correspond to符合于…

  whatsoeverpron. 无论什么

  1.According to paragraph 1, what indicates that amphibians have some control over their body temperature?

  A. Amphibians can regulate their metabolic rates to generate energy.

  B. Amphibians use the same means of thermoregulation as mammals and birds do.

  C. The body temperature of amphibians sometimes differs from the temperature of their surroundings.

  D. The body temperature of amphibians is independent of their metabolic activity.

  PARAGRAPH2: Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive. One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2ºC while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures rise to 41ºC-the highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian. ■Recently it has been shown that some North American frog and toad species can survive up to five days with a body temperature of -6ºC with approximately one-third of their body fluids frozen. ■The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose. ■Additionally, in many species the tolerance boundaries are flexible and can change as a result of acclimatization (long-term exposure to particular conditions).■

  physiologicaladj. 生理学的,生理的

  colonizev. 开拓殖民地

  fluidn. 流体;液体

  frostn. 霜;冰冻,严寒

  2.Why does the author mention a “South American frog” species in the passage?

  A. To make the point that an amphibian’s temperature tolerance depends on a number of factors

  B. To indicate how precise the range of body temperatures is for certain amphibians

  C. To contrast its ability to adapt to that of the North American newt

  D. To help illustrate the range of environmental conditions to which amphibians have adapted

  3.According to paragraph 2, what allows some North American frog and toad species to survive in ambient temperatures well below freezing?

  A. Their internal body temperatures never fall below -6掳C.

  B. They do not remain at temperatures below freezing for very long periods of time.

  C. Their tolerance boundaries are flexible

  D. Some of their body tissues contain substances that prevent freezing.

  13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

  On the other hand, amphibians in very hot climates use secretions from the mucus glands to decrease their temperature through evaporative cooling on the skin..

  PARAGRAPH3: Frog species that remain exposed to the sun despite high diurnal (daytime) temperatures exhibit some fascinating modifications in the skin structure that function as morphological adaptations. Most amphibian skin is fully water permeable and is therefore not a barrier against evaporation or solar radiation. The African savanna frog Hyperolius viridiflavus stores guanine crystals in its skin, which enable it to better reflect solar radiation, thus providing protection against overheating. The tree frog Phyllomedusa sauvagei responds to evaporative losses with gland secretions that provide a greasy film over its entire body that helps prevent desiccation (dehydration).

  permeableadj. 能透过的;有渗透性的

  barriern. 障碍物,屏障;界线

  secretionn. 分泌;分泌物;藏匿;隐藏

  greasyadj. 油腻的;含脂肪多的

  desiccation n. 干燥

  dehydrationn. 脱水

  4.“Phyllomedusa sauvagei” is mentioned as an example of a frog with an adaptation that

  A. protects its glandular system

  B. helps reduce its secretions

  C. increases the amount of solar radiation that its skin can reflect

  D. modifies its skin structure to protect against the drying effects of the sun

  PARAGRAPH4: However, behavior is by far the most important factor in thermoregulation. The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy), heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy), and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors, which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively). Heliothermy is especially common among frogs and toads: it allows them to increase their body temperature by more than 10ºC. The Andean toad Bufo spinulosusexposes itself immediately after sunrise on moist ground and attains its preferred body temperature by this means, long before either ground or air is correspondingly warmed. A positive side effect of this approach is that it accelerates the digestion of the prey consumed overnight, thus also accelerating growth. Thigmothermy is a behavior present in most amphibians, although pressing against the ground serves a dual purpose: heat absorption by conductivity and water absorption through the skin. The effect of thigmothermy is especially evident in the Andean toad during rainfall: its body temperature corresponds to the temperature of the warm earth and not to the much cooler air temperature.

  substratesn. 基质;基片;底层

  diurnaladj. 白天的;每日的

  estivatingv. 度夏;夏眠

  dualadj. 双的;双重的

  5.Paragraph 4 mentions each of the following as an example of behavioral thermoregulation EXCEPT

  A. pressing against the ground

  B. speeding up of the metabolism

  C. reducing activity during the summer

  D. adjusting exposure to the sun

  6.The “Andean toad Bufo spinulosus” illustrates which of the following behavioral modifications?

  A. Heliothermy and thigmothermy

  B. Diurnal avoidance behavior

  C. Absorbing heat from the air

  D. Moving to shelter during the summer

  7.The word “attains” in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A. raises

  B. lowers

  C. reaches

  D. regulates

  8.The phrase “this approach” in the passage refers to

  A. gradually increasing body temperature by 10°C

  B. basking as soon as the sun comes up

  C. waiting for the ground and air to warm

  D. keeping body temperature above the temperature of the air

  PARAGRAPH5: Avoidance behavior occurs whenever physiological and morphological adaptations are insufficient to maintain body temperature within the vital range. Nocturnal activity in amphibians with low tolerance for high ambient temperatures is a typical thermoregulatory behavior of avoidance. Seasonal avoidance behavior is extremely important in many amphibians. Species whose habitat lies in the temperate latitudes are confronted by lethal low temperatures in winter, while species dwelling in arid and semi-arid regions are exposed to long dry, hot periods in summer.

  nocturnal adj. 夜的;夜曲的;夜间发生的

  vitaladj. 生死攸关的

  9.According to paragraph 5, why is avoidance behavior important for some amphibians?

  A. Amphibians’ habitats are areas where temperatures vary from day to day.

  B. Amphibians have less tolerance for high ambient temperatures than for low ambient temperatures.

  C. Amphibians lack adequate physiological adaptations for dealing with ambient temperatures.

  D. Amphibians cannot protect themselves from the extreme summer heat by being active only at night.

  10.The word “dwelling” in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A. arriving

  B. originating

  C. evolving

  D. living

  PARAGRAPH6: In amphibians hibernation occurs in mud or deep holes away from frost. North of the Pyrenees Mountains, the natterjack toad offers a good example of hibernation, passing the winter dug deep into sandy ground. Conversely, natterjacks in southern Spain remain active during the mild winters common to the region and are instead forced into inactivity during the dry, hot summer season. Summer estivation also occurs by burrowing into the ground or hiding in cool, deep rock crevasses to avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperatures. Amphibians are therefore hardly at the mercy of ambient temperatures, since by means of the mechanisms described above they are more than able to exercise some control over their body temperature.

  burrowv. 挖掘,挖出;在…挖洞(或通道);使躲入洞穴

  crevassen. 裂缝;破口,崩溃处

  desiccationn. 干燥

  lethaladj. 致命的,致死的

  at the mercy of受…支配

  mercyn. 仁慈,宽容;怜悯;幸运;善行

  11.In paragraph 6, which of the following can be inferred from the discussion of the natterjack?

  A. Amphibians have greater tolerance for heat than for cold.

  B. Desiccation is not a threat to amphibians

  C. Both hibernation and estivation may serve as avoidance behaviors depending on the climate

  D. Some species of amphibians are active only in the spring and in the fall

  12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

  A Thus, although amphibians use the various mechanisms described above, they have hardly any control of their body temperature.

  B Thus, by the mechanisms described above, amphibians are quite capable of controlling their body temperature to survive extreme ambient temperatures.

  C Thus, unless they can use the mechanisms described above, amphibians are at the mercy of ambient temperatures.

  D Thus, the mechanisms described above give amphibians control over much more than just their body temperature.

  14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong.

  A. Frogs, which survive temperature ranges from as low as -2°C to as high as 41°C, are evidence that amphibians are independent of ambient temperatures

  B. Amphibians can increase their body temperature by exposing themselves to the sun (heliothermy) and by pressing against the ground (thigmothermy).

  C. Avoidance behaviors, such as sheltering from the sun, as well as estivation and hibernation,help amphibians control their body temperature.

  D. Physical adaptations offer amphibians a number of ways to protect against extreme or dangerous climate conditions.

  E. Sunrise is the time when some amphibian species have the greatest need for thermoregulatory mechanisms.

  F.Hibernation always involves digging deep holes in mud or sand, whereas estivation sometimes involves nothing more than hiding in deep rock crevasses.

  Passage three

        学科分类:生物

        题目:生物隔离

  内容回忆:某些山脉的出现会逐渐分离出一个只能在低洼的湖泊中生活的物种,某些鱼类可能就这样被隔离出来了。类似地,慢慢移动的冰川可能会逐渐将一个种群分开,或者形成像巴拿马地峡这样的大陆桥,将海洋生物隔离在大陆桥的两边水域。

  参考阅读:TPO42 PASSAGE3 Geographic Isolation of Species

  PARAGRAPH1: Conservation biologists have long been concerned that species extinction could have significant consequences for the stability of entire ecosystems-groups of interacting organisms and the physical environment that they inhabit. An ecosystem could survive the loss of some species, but if enough species were lost, the ecosystem would be severely degraded. In fact, it is possible that the loss of a single important species could start a cascade of extinctions that might dramatically change an entire ecosystem. A good illustration of this occurred after sea otters were eliminated from some Pacific kelp seaweed bed ecosystems: the kelp beds were practically obliterated too because in the absence of sea otter predation, sea urchin populations exploded and consumed most of the kelp and other macroalgae.

  1. The word "significant" in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A direct B important

  C long-term D surprising

  2. According to paragraph 1, why has the extinction of species been a concern for conservation biologists?

  A When ecosystems lose just one species, they undergo permanent change.

  B The extinction of a particular predator species could cause an overpopulation of certain prey species.

  C The loss of one or more species could cause the decline衰退 of a whole ecosystem.

  D The extinction of a single species is evidence that plant-food sources are in danger of disappearing.

  3. According to paragraph 1, what was the result of the removal of Pacific sea otters?

  A The kelp and sea urchins were destroyed by new predators.

  B The uncontrolled population of sea urchins ate most of the kelp plants.

  C Without sea otters, the kelp beds soon became overgrown.

  D Macroalgae remained as the primary population in the ecosystem.

  PARAGRAPH2:It is usually claimed that species-rich ecosystems tend to be more stable than species-poor ecosystems. Three mechanisms by which higher diversity increases ecosystem stability have been proposed. First, if there are more species in an ecosystem, then its food web will be more complex, with greater redundancy among species in terms of their nutritional roles. In other words, in a rich system if a species is lost, there is a good chance that other species will take over its function as prey, predator, producer, decomposer, or whatever role it played. Second, diverse ecosystems may be less likely to be invaded by new species, notably exotics foreign species living outside their native range, that would disrupt the ecosystem's structure and function. Third, in a species-rich ecosystem, diseases may spread more slowly because most species will be relatively less abundant, thus increasing the average distance between individuals of the same species and hampering disease transmission among individuals.

  4.The word "redundancy" in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A duplication B variety

  C requirements D flexibility

  5.What is the function of paragraph 2 in the passage?

  A To present a hypothesis about ecosystem diversity and some reasons why it might be true

  B To give examples of types of ecosystems that have the greatest diversity

  C To contradict a previous belief about the stability of species-rich ecosystems

  D To contrast species-rich and species-poor ecosystems

  6. According to paragraph 2, which of the following increases the stability of an ecosystem?

  A Species in which producers outnumber predators

  B New or exotic species that increase ecosystem diversity

  C Heavily populated species that are free of disease

  D Species that are diverse but have similar nutritional roles

  7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

  A In any ecosystem, as the number of individuals in the same species increases, the rate of disease transmission slows down.

  B Ecosystems that have a small number of different species tend to be disease-free, because the species’ habitats are at a safe distance from each other.

  C In ecosystems with many species, diseases spread more slowly because there are fewer individuals in a species and, as a result, the individuals are more widely scattered.

  D The average distance between individuals in a species-rich ecosystem increases, so diseases are prevented from being communicated between species.

  PARAGRAPH3:Scientific evidence to illuminate these ideas has been slow in coming, and many shadows remain.▊ One of the first studies to provide data supporting a relationship between diversity and stability examined how grassland plants responded to a drought. ▊Researchers D. Tilman and J.A. Downing used the ratio of above-ground biomass in 1988 after two years of droughtto that in 1986 predroughtin 207 plots in a grassland field in the Cedar Creek Natural History Area in Minnesota as an index of ecosystem response to disruption by drought.▊ In an experiment that began in 1982, they compared these values with the number of plant species in each plot and discovered that the plots with a greater number of plant species experienced a less dramatic reduction in biomass.▊ Plots with more than ten species had about half as much biomass in 1988 as in 1986, whereas those with fewer than five species only produced roughly one-eighth as much biomass after the two-year drought. Apparently, species-rich plots were likely to contain some drought-resistant plant species that grew better in drought years, compensating for the poor growth of less-tolerant species.

  8. The phrase "compensating for" in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A working against B leaving out

  C making up for D spreading over

  9. What is the main importance of the study discussed in paragraph 3?

  A It examines the response of certain grassland plants to a drought.

  B It contains an index of plants that survived well in times of drought.

  C It provides scientific evidence that diversity helps to make ecosystems stable.

  D It shows that ecosystems contain both resistant species and less tolerant ones.

  13. Look at the four squares ▊ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

  It seems clear that there is room for a great deal more research, although some work has been done.

  PARAGRAPH4:To put this result in more general terms, a species-rich ecosystem may be more stable because it is more likely to have species with a wide array of responses to variable conditions such as droughts. Furthermore, a species-rich ecosystem is more likely to have species with similar ecological functions, so that if a species is lost from an ecosystem, another species, probably a competitor, is likely to flourish and occupy its functional role. Both of these, variability in responses and functional redundancy, could be thought of as insurance against disturbances.

  10. Select the TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 4, are conclusions that can be drawn from the study by Tilman and Downing. To receive credit you must select TWO answer choices.

  A. A diverse ecosystem will have species that respond differently to a variety of conditions.

  B. Species within a species-rich ecosystem are more likely to have competitors.

  C. An ecosystem is more likely to develop diverse and stable species when it is exposed to extreme conditions.

  D. Species with similar ecological functions will perform the function of a lost species.

  PARAGRAPH5:The Minnesota grassland research has been widely accepted as strong evidence for the diversity-stability theory; however, its findings have been questioned, and similar studies on other ecosystems have not always found a positive relationship between diversity and stability. Clearly, this is a complex issue that requires further field research with a broad spectrum of ecosystems and species: grassland plants and computer models will only take us so far. In the end, despite insightful attempts to detect some general patterns, we may find it very difficult to reduce this topic to a simple, universal truth.

  11.The word "detect" in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A repeat B alter

  C find D emphasize

  12.According to paragraph 5, which of the following is true about Tilman and Downing`s findings?

  A General patterns of diversity and stability have been established as a result of the findings.

  B Questions about the findings have been refuted by computer models.

  C The findings have been tested in a broad spectrum of ecosystems with similar results.

  D The findings are not sufficient to prove a definite link between diversity and stability in ecosystems.

  14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.

  A.Conservation biology studies indicate that the loss of a single important species may bring temporary change to an ecosystem but it seldom results in lasting damage.

  B.The absence of sea otter predation in a Pacific kelp bed ecosystem dramatically changed the entire ecosystem by stabilizing the total kelp population.

  C.Ecosystems having species with similar functions but different responses to adverse conditions can survive environmental disturbances.

  D.The findings of the Minnesota grassland study by Tilman and Downing indicated an equal number of drought-resistant and drought-tolerant plant species in species-rich plots.

  E.The Minnesota grassland study by Tilman and Downing presented evidence that the greater the diversity of species in an ecosystem, the more stable the ecosystem.

  所考词汇:

       Complement

  Hitherto

  Vacate

  Advent facilitate

  In essential

  Undertook

  Conceivable

  Grease

 

  本文解析部分由北京环球教育张子悦老师原创,转载请注明作者及出处。

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