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1.定语(Attribute)
定义:修饰,限制或说明名词或代词的成分。定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。
位置:前置定语&后置定语
形式:
(1)形容词作定语:
a beautiful college; my little doll; green tree; silent classroom;
(2)副词作定语:
the students here; the opinions above;
(3)数词作定语:
two boys; ten apples; three pens; one lesson;
(4)名词作定语:
apple tree; newspaper today;
(5)代词作定语:
our teacher; his father; her computer; their books;
(6)非谓语动词作定语:
the smiling boy; the boat along the lake; nothing to do;
2.状语(Adverbial Modifier)
定义:在句法功能中,状语在句子里起到解释说明的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等等。
位置:非常灵活,其位置可以放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中。
形式:
(1)副词作状语:
she speaks English well;
(2)分词作状语:
looking around, he find his classroom;
(3)不定式作状语:
I come specially to visit you;
(4)介词短语作状语:
ten years ago, she began to live in Beijing;
(5)从句作状语:
If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you;
3.同位语(Appositive)
定义:一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明,这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词,常常紧挨在一起。
位置:紧邻左右。
形式:
非从句形式:
(1)Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.
Mr. Smith是主语our new teacher的同位语,指同一人。
(2)We Chinese people are brave and hard-working.
Chinese people 是we的同位语。