+ plus ;positive

　　- minus ;negative

　　× multiplied by ;times

　　÷ divided by

　　= equals

　　≈ approximately equals

　　≠ not equal to

　　< less than

　　> greater than

　　≤ equal to or less than

　　≥ equal to or greater than o

　　( ) round brackets ;parentheses

　　[ ] square brackets

　　{ } braces

　　∈ is a member of the set

　　? is a subset of

　　∽ similar to

　　≌ congruent to

　　* denotes an operation

　　∴ therefore

　　∵ because

　　∶ ratio sign, divided by, is to

　　∷ equals, as(proportion)

　　∥ parallel to

　　⊥ perpendicular to, at right angles with

　　∠ angle

　　∟ right angle

　　o degree

　　′ minute

　　″ second

　　⊙ circle

　　A?B arc AB

　　e the base of natural logarithms,approx.2.71828

　　x! factorial x, x(x-1)(x-2)---1

　　lognx log x to the base n

　　π pi

　　lnx log x to the base e(natural logarithm)

　　lgx log x to the base 10(common logarithm)

　　|x| the absolute value of x

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