Explanation

　　1.The correct answer is D

　　Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the unidiomatic phrasing of the original by linking an appropriate prepositional phrase, “with bringing,” to the verb “credited.”

　　2.The correct answer is A

　　Choice (A) is correct. It avoids the errors of the other options by using the idiomatic “as” to complete the phrase “as much … as.”

　　3.The correct answer is A

　　Choice (A) is correct. It avoids the errors of the other options by using a main verb, “is,” to link the subject of the sentence, “Rote learning,” to a description of the ways in which this type of learning is used.

　　4.The correct answer is B

　　This sentence illustrates a comma splice, the incorrect use of a comma to connect two complete sentences. Choice (B) correctly uses a semicolon to coordinate two independent clauses and form a compound sentence (while at the same time keeping verb tenses parallel). The correct sentence reads: One of the most common types of mistakes that inexperienced physicians make is misreading symptoms; another one that occurs about as frequently is recommending inappropriate treatment.

　　5.The correct answer is D

　　Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by replacing the awkward and misused “both … and” construction with the much simpler “as well as.”

　　6.The correct answer is C

　　For a sentence to be grammatically complete, it must include both a subject and a main verb. When a sentence lacks either a subject or a main verb, the result is a sentence fragment. In this example all options but (C) are sentence fragments.

　　In (A), the phrase "Scenes ... Americans " is modified by the dependent clause "which ... Tanner," but there is no main verb.

　　In (B), the phrase "Scenes ... Tanner" contains no main verb.

　　In (D), the noun "Henry Ossawa Tanner" is modified by "depicting" but is not combined with a main verb.

　　And in (E), the noun "Henry Ossawa Tanner" is modified by the dependent clause "whose ... Americans" but not combined with a main verb.

　　(C) is correct. It is the only choice in which a subject ("The paintings of Henry Ossawa Tanner") is combined with a verb ("depict") to express a complete thought.

　　7.The correct answer is C

　　Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by providing a main verb (“are”) to agree with the subject of the sentence, “coffee … and bananas.”

　　8.The correct answer is E

　　When a modifying phrase begins a sentence, it must logically modify the sentence's subject; otherwise, it is a dangling modifier. In this example, every option except (E) is a dangling modifier.

　　In (A), the phrase "Looking up from the base of the mountain" does not logically modify the subject "the trail." A person might stand at the base of a mountain and look up at a trail, but it is illogical to suggest that a trail looks up from the base of a mountain.

　　(B), (C), and (D) are simply variations of the error found in (A). Each results in a sentence that illogically suggests that a trail was looking up from the base of a mountain.

　　(E) is correct. Although a trail cannot itself look up from the base of a mountain, a trail can be viewed by someone looking up from the base of a mountain, so the phrase "Viewed from the base of the mountain" logically modifies the subject "the trail."

　　9.The correct answer is E

　　Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by using an appropriate idiom, “known as,” to introduce “Red Cloud,” the more familiar name of “Mahpiua Luta.”

　　10.The correct answer is B

　　This sentence illustrates a comma splice, the incorrect use of a comma to connect two complete sentences. Choice (B) correctly uses a semicolon to coordinate two independent clauses and form a compound sentence (while at the same time keeping verb tenses parallel). The correct sentence reads: One of the most common types of mistakes that inexperienced physicians make is misreading symptoms; another one that occurs about as frequently is recommending inappropriate treatment.