Explanation

　　1.The correct answer is D

　　Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the comma splice error of the original by combining the two independent clauses that were improperly joined by only a comma (“There are many famous quotations previously credited to ‘Anonymous’” and “researchers have discovered that they were in fact written by female authors”) into one sentence consisting of a main clause (“Researchers have discovered”) and a dependent clause (“that many famous quotations previously credited to ‘Anonymous’ were in fact written by female authors”).

　　2.The correct answer is A

　　Choice (A) is correct. It avoids the errors of the other options by correctly using the preposition “as” to introduce the “wide range of purposes” for which the gong is used.

　　3.The correct answer is E

　　Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the pronoun error of the original by using an appropriate relative pronoun (“who”) to refer to people (“heroines”).

　　4.The correct answer is E

　　The singular pronoun "it" does not agree with the plural noun "video games" in the original sentence. This version of the sentence correctly replaces "it" with the plural pronoun "them." In addition, in the original, the present indicative tense "view" and the present participle "hoping" are incorrectly used together in the main clause. In this version of the sentence, both verbs in the main clause ("view" and "hope") are in the present indicative tense and are thus parallel in construction.

　　5.The correct answer is D

　　Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by using the preposition “As” to indicate what the “steps toward … integration” were a part of

　　6.The correct answer is D

　　This sentence is a fragment as written; there is no verb in the main clause. Of the choices offered, only (C) and (D) correct this problem. (D) is the best choice because the adverb "where" connects the second part of the sentence in a way that clarifies the relationship between the two parts of the sentence. The correct sentence reads: The problem of antibiotic resistance is frequently compounded in certain countries where the sale and use of antibiotics are not tightly controlled.

　　7.The correct answer is C

　　Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the awkwardness and wordiness of the original by using an introductory phrase “In light...sun” to modify the verbal phrase “tropical nocturnal sweat bees leave.”

　　8.The correct answer is D

　　This sentence is a fragment as written; there is no verb in the main clause. Of the choices offered, only (C) and (D) correct this problem. (D) is the best choice because the adverb "where" connects the second part of the sentence in a way that clarifies the relationship between the two parts of the sentence. The correct sentence reads: The problem of antibiotic resistance is frequently compounded in certain countries where the sale and use of antibiotics are not tightly controlled.

　　9.The correct answer is A

　　Choice (A) is correct. It avoids the errors of the other options by using the phrase “Its fossil record” to describe what has remained “virtually unchanged over 100 million years.”

　　10.The correct answer is C

　　For a sentence to be grammatically complete, it must include both a subject and a main verb. When a sentence lacks either a subject or a main verb, the result is a sentence fragment. In this example all options but (C) are sentence fragments.

　　In (A), the phrase "Scenes ... Americans " is modified by the dependent clause "which ... Tanner," but there is no main verb.

　　In (B), the phrase "Scenes ... Tanner" contains no main verb.

　　In (D), the noun "Henry Ossawa Tanner" is modified by "depicting" but is not combined with a main verb.

　　And in (E), the noun "Henry Ossawa Tanner" is modified by the dependent clause "whose ... Americans" but not combined with a main verb.

　　(C) is correct. It is the only choice in which a subject ("The paintings of Henry Ossawa Tanner") is combined with a verb ("depict") to express a complete thought.

　　11.The correct answer is C

　　Choice (C) is correct. This version of the sentence correctly compares the young athlete’s accomplishments with her coach’s accomplishments, not with her coach. In addition, it uses the plural pronoun “those” to refer to the coach’s accomplishments, which allows the noun “coach” to be correctly modified by the noun phrase “a former track star.” The possessive noun “coach’s” cannot be modified by a noun phrase.

　　12.The correct answer is E

　　When a modifying phrase begins a sentence, it must logically modify the sentence's subject; otherwise, it is a dangling modifier. In this example, every option except (E) is a dangling modifier.

　　In (A), the phrase "Looking up from the base of the mountain" does not logically modify the subject "the trail." A person might stand at the base of a mountain and look up at a trail, but it is illogical to suggest that a trail looks up from the base of a mountain.

　　(B), (C), and (D) are simply variations of the error found in (A). Each results in a sentence that illogically suggests that a trail was looking up from the base of a mountain.

　　(E) is correct. Although a trail cannot itself look up from the base of a mountain, a trail can be viewed by someone looking up from the base of a mountain, so the phrase "Viewed from the base of the mountain" logically modifies the subject "the trail."