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2011托福考试辅导:语法讲解(30)

2011-06-29来源: 满分网浏览量:
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  第二节 分词

  分词是动词的又一种非谓语形式,主要分为现在分词(ing为词尾)和过去分词(主要以ed结尾),他们在句中可作定语、状语或表语。

  由于作表语的分词往往被视为形容词的用法,其用法比较简单,这里只着重介绍前两种用法如:

  exciting news (激动人心的消息), charming girl(迷人的女孩),

  promising work(有希望的作品), known criminal(臭名昭著的罪犯),

  broken bottle(破碎的瓶子)

  考点一 现在分词

  现在分词和过去分词的主要区别在于:现在分词表主动意义;过去分词表被动意义。

  现在分词较过去分词形式灵活,除部分能接宾语之外,可有被动形式(being done)和完成式(having done, having been done), 当然being done和having been done也可理解成过去分词变形为进行式

  1. 现在分词作定语

  现在分词常接在名词之后作定语,经常可与定语从句替换

  如:the man sitting behind me, 相当于:the man who is sitting behind me

  the kids running about in the garden, 相当于:

  the kids who are running about in the garden

  单个的分词作定语可放在被修饰词之前,如:the sleeping baby, a running nose

  改错题中若出现名词之后直接接动词,且之间是主谓关系,但不是句子主谓语,此处必定有错,可改为现在分词作定语

  例题:

  (1)

  The boiled point of any liquid is determined by the pressure of the surrounding gases.

  应改为:boiling.

  解释:沸点的英文表达应该是boiling point. 类似的表达如: boiling water(沸水); boiled表示已完成的状态, 如boiled water意为白开水, 即已沸腾过的水

  (2)

  The slide rule uses sliding scales with marks ---- numbers and their logarithms.

  (A) representing

  (B) represented

  (C) are represented

  (D) they are representing

  答案:A

  解释:空格前是句子的主谓成分,空格处需要marks的定语,C, D可先排除;B是被动式,无法接宾语numbers; 因此A正确,是现在分词作定语

  2. 现在分词作状语

  分词还可在句中作状语,可放在句首、句中或句尾。现在分词作状语时,通常都表示主语正在进行的动作/伴随动作或者表示原因。

  1.现在分词短语可以作时间状语,相当于when, while, as soon as等所引导的从句

  如:Hearing the news, he couldn’t help crying.

  = When he heard the news, he couldn’t help crying.

  2.现在分词短语也可以表示原因,代替由since, as等所引导的从句

  如:Not knowing what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help.

  =Since she didn’t know what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help.

  Being so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to go to school.

  =As we were so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to go to school.

  3.如果分词表示的动作发生在主句动作之前,那么此时分词就需要用完成形式

  如:Having finished the work, she went to the park.

  =After she had finished the work, she went to the park.

  特别注意:分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致

  如: Seeing from the moutain, the ocean is emrald green.

  此句是一个错误的句子, 因为根据分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致的原则, seeing的逻辑主语也应该是the ocean, 而the ocean是不能自己seeing的, 应改为Seen from the mountain.

  例题:

  (1)

  Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the lower ground levels, thereby ---- from freezing.

  (A) to save the seeds

  (B) saving the seeds

  (C) which saves the seeds

  (D) the seeds saved

  答案:B

  解释:thereby一词习惯上接现在分词作句子的结果状语,只有B符合要求



本文关键字:托福考试,托福语法,美国留学
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