2016年1月9日托福阅读词汇题：

　　durable=long last

　　simultaneously=at the same time

　　recognized=accepted

　　case in point=good example

　　the course of change=the way change developed

　　courteous=polite

　　barring=excluding

　　elevated=high

　　incidence=frequency

　　dismiss=reject

　　hasten=hurry

　　1月9日托福阅读第一篇 英国工业革命之后的大萧条

　　原文回顾：其他地方享受着工业革命带来成果时，英国人民却在水深火热之中。造成这种萧条的原因来自工业革命本身，联通的便利使得其它国家的农作物涌进欧洲，英国不得不降低粮食价格来提高竞争力，降价就得提高产量，于是农作物生产过剩，无人消费。

　　相关背景学习： Transport during the British Industrial Revolution

　　Transportation of goods to factories, and of finished products from them, was limited by high transport costs along roads to their destinations. This was not too severe in the case of light valuable materials such as textiles (woolen and linen cloth) but in the case of dense materials such as coal, it could be a limiting factor on the viability of an industry. In contrast, freighting goods by water, whether on rivers or coastwise was much cheaper. Canals brought the first major change to transportation, and were usually built directly from the mines to city centres, such as the famous Bridgewater Canal in Manchester. Tramways were also common using horses for locomotion.

　　Some rivers, such as the Thames, Severn and Trent were naturally navigable, at least in their lower reaches.

　　Other rivers were improved during the 17th and early 18th centuries, improving the transport links of towns such as Manchester, Wigan, Hereford, and Newbury in England. However these only provided links towards the coast, not across the heart of England. It was the canals which were to provide the vital links in the transport network.

　　In England, the roads of each parish were maintained by compulsory labour from the parishioners, six days per year. This proved inadequate in the case of certain heavily used roads, and from the 18th century (and in a few cases slightly earlier), statutory bodies of trustees began to be set up with power to borrow money to repair and improve roads, the loans being repaid from tolls collected from road users. In the 1750s there was a boom in creating new turnpike trusts with the result that by the end of the 18th century almost all main roads were turnpike roads. Each trust required an Act of Parliament, both on its initial creation and to renew it when the term granted by the Act expired. Cars were invented in the 1800s.

　　These railways were all horse-drawn, though in many cases their slope meant that the horse was not required to draw the wagon downhill; instead it was necessary to apply a brake to slow the descent. The wagon was emptied into a river barge (or keel or trow), and the horse drew the empty wagon back to the coal pit. Steam engine haulage was tried by Richard Trevithick on the Merthyr Tramroad from Penydarren to Abercynon in 1804, but proved unsatisfactory, partly because the engine was too heavy for the rails. It was only after the development of stronger rails made of rolled wrought iron in the 1820s that steam engine-hauled long-distance railways became feasible. Like the early wagonways, these were (indeed are) edge railways, where the wheels of the engine and wagons (or carriages) are flanged. Thus followed the Stockton and Darlington Railway, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and many more. People were able to use railways to get to factory work and jobs much more effectively than previous options.