4. More than a year ago, the city announced that police would crack down on illegally parked cars and that resources would be diverted from writing speeding tickets to ticketing illegally parked cars. But no crackdown has taken place. The police chief claims that resources have had to be diverted from writing speeding tickets to combating the city’s staggering drug problem. Yet the police are still writing as many speeding tickets as ever. Therefore, the excuse about resources being tied up in fighting drug-related crime simply is not true.

　　The conclusion in the passage depends on the assumption that

　　A. every member of the police force is qualified to work on combating the city’s drug problem

　　B. drug-related crime is not as serious a problem for the city as the police chief claims it is

　　C. writing speeding tickets should be as important a priority for the city as combating drug-related crime

　　D. the police could be cracking down on illegally parked cars and combating the drug problem without having to reduce writing speeding tickets

　　E. the police cannot continue writing as many speeding tickets as ever while diverting resources to combating drug-related crime

　　参考答案：E

　　思路：结论是由于对超速行驶开出的罚单并未减少，所以资源并未转移，其逆否命题则是，资源如果真的转移，罚单一定减少，也就是E指出的 — 罚单不可能与原来一样多。

　　5. A gas tax of one cent per gallon would raise one billion dollars per year at current consumption rates. Since a tax of fifty cents per gallon would therefore raise fifty billion dollars per year, it seems a perfect way to deal with the federal budget deficit. This tax would have the additional advantage that the resulting drop in the demand for gasoline would be ecologically sound and would keep our county from being too dependent on foreign oil producers.

　　Which one of the following most clearly identifies an error in the author’s reasoning?

　　A. The author cites irrelevant data.

　　B. The author relies on incorrect current consumption figures.

　　C. The author makes incompatible assumptions.

　　D. The author mistakes an effect for a cause.

　　E. The author appeals to conscience rather than reason.

　　参考答案：C

　　思路：作者得出的结论有两个，1是提高汽油税率，可以同比提高税收所得，这一结论的前提条件是，汽油的消费量不受税率影响;2是提高税率可以降低对汽油的消费需求，这一结论的假设条件与前一结论的假设条件是互相矛盾的，因此显而易见，C正确。

　　6. The axis of Earth’s daily rotation is tilted with respect to the plane of its orbit at an angle of roughly 23 degrees. That angle can be kept fairly stable only by the gravitational influence of Earth’s large, nearby Moon. Without such a stable and moderate axis tilt, a planet’s climate is too extreme and unstable to support life. Mars, for example, has only very small moons, tilts at wildly fluctuating angles, and cannot support life.

　　If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true on the basis of them?

　　A. If Mars had a sufficiently large nearby moon, Mars would be able to support life.

　　B. If Earth’s Moon were to leave Earth’s orbit, Earth’s climate would be unable to support life.

　　C. Any planet with a stable, moderate axis tilt can support life.

　　D. Gravitational influences other than moons have little or no effect on the magnitude of the tilt angle of either Earth’s or Mars’s axis.

　　E. No planet that has more than one moon can support life.

　　参考思路：

　　A only by B。 B是A的必要条件, 非B推出非A。

　　If Earth’s Moon were to leave Earth’s orbit -----〉That angle cannot be kept fairly stable ---à

　　a planet’s climate is too extreme and unstable to support life.( based on Without such a stable and moderate axis tilt, a planet’s climate is too extreme and unstable to support life.)

　　(B) If Earth’s Moon were to leave Earth’s orbit, Earth’s climate would be unable to support life.

　　Is correct!

　　此题为典型的逻辑关系推理题。

　　7. Psychologist: Some astrologers claim that our horoscopes completely determine our personalities, but this claim is false, I concede that identical twins---who are, of course, born at practically the same time---often do have similar personalities. However, birth records were examined to find two individuals who were born 40 years ago on the same day and at exactly the same time---one in a hospital in Toronto and one in a hospital in New York. Personalities of these two individuals are in fact different.

　　Which one of the following is an assumption on which the psychologist’s argument depends?

　　A. Astrologers have not subjected their claims to rigorous experimentation.

　　B. The personality differences between the two individuals cannot be explained by the cultural difference between Toronto and New York.

　　C. The geographical difference between Toronto and New York did not result in the two individuals having different horoscopes.

　　D. Complete birth records for the past 40 years were kept at both hospitals.

　　E. Identical twins have identical genetic structures and usually have similar home environments.

　　答案：C

　　思路： Psychologist举例否原观点，举的反例必定是在原观点相同的前提情况下产生了与原观点不同的结论。原观点的前提情况是相同星座，结论是性格相同。反例的前提情况需要与原观点的一致，所以即是不管多伦多还是纽约生的星座是一样的。

　　A, 是无关选项，占星家们做没做实验对原文半点影响没有。

　　B, 是无关选项，心理学家们驳的是星象，跟文化没关系。

　　D, 是废话，重复了原文的背景。

　　E, 也是废话，重复了原文的背景。